Spread of Islam into South and Southeast Asia (Ch 12) - PowerPoint PPT Presentation

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Spread of Islam into South and Southeast Asia (Ch 12)

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Spread of Islam into South and Southeast Asia (Ch 12) 600-1450 CE South Asia India had always been subject to waves of invasions Nomadic peoples Displaced peoples ... – PowerPoint PPT presentation

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Title: Spread of Islam into South and Southeast Asia (Ch 12)


1
Spread of Islam into South and Southeast Asia (Ch
12)
  • 600-1450 CE

2
South Asia
  • India had always been subject to waves of
    invasions
  • Nomadic peoples
  • Displaced peoples
  • Most became assimilated
  • Became Hindu or Buddhist
  • Became part of the caste hierarchy
  • Adopted the dress, food, and culture of those
    already there

3
South Asia
  • As a result, the arrival of new peoples did not
    significantly challenge the existing order
  • This will all change with the arrival of Islam
    in the early years of the 8th century

4
South Asia
  • After the collapse of the Gupta Empire (end of
    the 5th century), India had collapsed again into
    its regional divisions
  • This will leave the area open to conquest by the
    Muslims

5
South Asia
  • Beginning in the early 8th century, waves of
    Muslim groups begin entering India and
    establishing a foothold (in the area of the Sind)
  • At first, this caused little change the
    conquerors promised lower taxes and greater
    religious tolerance
  • Hindus and Buddhists became dhimmis
  • They also allowed local elites and rulers to stay
    in power

6
South Asia
  • Exchange
  • Indian learning was transmitted through Muslim
    merchants to the west
  • Of particular importance was Indian advances in
    algebra and geometry, which rivaled those of
    Greece
  • Arabs also began using Indian numerals (which we
    now call Arabic numerals, but they started in
    India)

7
South Asia
  • In the 10th and 11th centuries, a new wave of
    Muslim invasions began
  • More violent, more vicious, and much more
    interested in territorial conquest
  • This wave conquered much of northern India, and
    established a capital at Delhi

8
South Asia
  • Since the ruler of this new empire called himself
    the sultan, this period in Indian history is
    known as the Delhi Sultanate

9
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10
South Asia
  • However, most of this period is characterized by
    accommodation and peaceful exchanges since the
    Muslims needed Hindu elites and rulers to help
    them
  • There were many conversions to Islam, but, again,
    few were forcible

11
South Asia
  • In spite of the number of conquests, the Delhi
    Sultanate made little impression on the Hindu
    community as a whole
  • They took positions as administrators and
    soldiers in the empire, but stayed socially
    aloof from their conquerors

12
South Asia
  • Hindus probably expected that the Muslim invaders
    would soon become assimilated into their culture
    and religion, as so many had before
  • But the Muslims held to their own beliefs and
    rituals and there are probably no two more
    opposing religions than Hinduism and Islam

13
South Asia
  • Hindus eventually realized that they were faced
    with an actively evangelical religion, with so
    many significant differences and beliefs, there
    was bound to be conflict between the two

14
South Asia
  • Over the centuries, it became obvious that, in
    spite of many peoples attempts, the two
    religions were not compatible, and could not be
    fused into one belief system

15
South Asia
  • The Muslim community continued to grow, and while
    Hinduism remained the majority religion (by far),
    the ruling elite was primarily Muslim
  • Unlike other areas conquered by the Muslims, the
    Hindus showed little interest in conversion

16
Southeast Asia
  • Always significant as a trading area, the islands
    of Southeast Asia are a meeting point a place
    where merchants and traders from East Asia,
    India, Africa, and the Middle East all converge

17
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18
Southeast Asia
  • By the 7th and 8th centuries, Muslim merchants
    were making their way from India into Southeast
    Asia
  • By this point, Muslims controlled most of the
    trade coming into and out of India

19
Southeast Asia
  • Conversion in this area was easier than in India,
    because, while there were many faiths there, no
    one religious system dominated the islands
  • Merchants introduced locals to the ideas and
    rituals of Islam and also brought Sufis to the
    area

20
Southeast Asia
  • Malacca the most important port in Southeast
    Asia
  • Once the Muslim religion had conquered this
    city, it spread far and wide among the islands,
    ports, and trading villages of Southeast Asia

21
Southeast Asia
  • However, there were areas with strong Hindu
    and/or Buddhist traditions, and many of these
    were resistant to Muslim incursion

22
Southeast Asia
  • As Islam spread into this area, it underwent some
    significant changes, incorporating some of the
    local beliefs and rituals
  • This will cause problems later, because orthodox
    Muslims will not accept it as true Islam

23
Accommodation
  • Now is a good time to bring up the reality that
    this fact is true of all major religions
  • As religions spread, they are forced to
    accommodate themselves somewhat to local
    traditions and beliefs in order to gain converts

24
Accommodation
  • For example, Christianity incorporated some major
    Celtic traditions and beliefs into its religion
    to gain converts in northern and western Europe
  • Many Christmas traditions evolved from this
    exchange of ideas
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