Objective 0.1

1

• Objective 0.1 Apply safety procedures in the
  laboratory and in field studies
• Recognize and avoid potential hazards
• Safely manipulate materials and equipment needed
  for scientific investigations

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Preventing Accidents

• Accidents in the science lab, as in the home or
  work place, can be prevented
• Stop to think!
• Common sense will help, if exercised
• What will be the consequences of what I do next?
• If in doubt, ask the teacher.

3
Eye Protection

• Safety goggles should be worn when using
  chemicals or when pointed objects or tools are
  being used.
• Safety goggles can be used by more than one
  person if sterilized between uses. Goggle
  sanitizers are used for this purpose.

4
Proper Attire

• Avoid floppy garments avoid
• things that dangle  
• These get tangled up in equipment or glassware
  and cause accidents
• Avoid long, loose hair styles for the same
  reason.
• When Bunsen burners are in use, long hair
  sometimes catches on fire
• It is not safe to wear open footwear, so avoid
  sandals and flip flops on lab days.

5
Using Dangerous Materials

• Use only alcohol thermometers not metallic.
• Never taste or put anything in your mouth in the
  science lab.
• Notify a teacher immediately in the case of a
  liquid spill.

6
Broken Glass

• Tell the teacher!
• Sweep it up right away - Dont track in it all
  period
• Place the broken glass in a SHARPS CONTAINER
  never in the regular trash can.

7
Never Eat or Drink in the Science Lab!

• A good practice is to assume everything in the
  lab is toxic.
• DO NOT drink from lab equipment.
• NOT EVEN distilled water.
• You do not know what another person might have
  added to the "distilled water" jug.

8
Outdoor Labs

• Follow all teacher instructions including
  written.
• Pay attention to special warnings regarding
  things that could hurt you.

• Do not take/pick things while outside without
  permission. We need to leave our study areas
  like we found them.

9
Horseplay

• In a laboratory setting, horseplay, even if
  good-natured, is absolutely unacceptable.
• No pushing!
• No shoving!

10

• Remember, failure to follow safety rules means no
  labs!

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Science Lab Safety Features
Fire
Extinguisher
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Fire Blanket
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Eye Wash Station
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Fume Hood
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First Aid Kit
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Lab Safety Symbols
Flammable materials
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Lab Safety Symbols
Electricity in Use
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Lab Safety Symbols
Fumes
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Lab Safety Symbols
Corrosive materials
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Lab Safety Symbols
Sharp materials
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Lab Safety Symbols
Poisonous materials
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Lab Safety Symbols
Wear Goggles
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Lab Safety Symbols
Live Animals in Use
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Warmup

• List three safety tips for working in a lab.

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Measuring Graphing
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A Scientists Equipment
Beaker
Test Tube
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A Scientists Equipment
Funnel
Pipet
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A Scientists Equipment
Erlenmeyer Flask
Graduated Cylinder
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A Scientists Equipment
Triple Beam Balance
Thermometer
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Measuring Mass
133.3 g
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Measuring Mass
150.5 g
120.5 g
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Measuring Distance

• Use the small side of the ruler to measure cm
  (eventhough it says mm)!

4.7 cm
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Measuring Volume
14 mL
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Measuring Volume
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Graphs

• There are 3 kinds of scientific graphs
• Bar Graphs
• Used for comparison
• Line Graphs
• Used to show continuing data
• Pie Charts (Circle Graphs)
• Used to show parts of a whole

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Bar Graphs

• What is the average number of seeds planted?
• What is the range of the data?
• Three-fourths of the seeds planted on Thursday
  were watermelon seeds. How many of the seeds
  planted on Thursday were not watermelon seeds?

Number of Seeds Planted
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Line Graphs

• On which month(s) was there at least 12 inches of
  rain?
• Between which two months was there the greatest
  decrease in rain?
• What is the difference in inches of rain between
  the month with the most rainfall and the month
  with the least rainfall?

Monthly Rainfall in Muddytown
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Pie Charts

• List the seasons in order from the season with
  the fewest votes to the season with the most
  votes.
• What is the most popular season?

A     Fall  37
B     Summer  21
C     Spring  23
D     Winter  19
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Warmup

• If you dont know what to do before conducting an
  experiment, what should you do?
• Your behavior in class and during lab activities
  dictates if you can

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Warmup

• What are the four spheres of Earth Science?
• Which other branch of Earth Science will we
  study?
• Match the -ology (study of)/ -graphy with
  each sphere/branch of Earth Science.
• Remember, check your notes if you are unsure.

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The Scientific Method
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Observations

• Scientific thinking usually begins with
  observation, the process of gathering information
  about events or processes in a careful, orderly
  way.
• Observation involves using the senses sight,
  hearing, touch, taste, smell.

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Making Observations

• Take a minute to write down as many observations
  about the picture as you can.

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Data

• The information gathered from observations is
  called data.
• There are two kinds of data
• Quantitative data numbers from counting or
  measuring
• Qualitative descriptions
• Which kind of data did you collect about the
  picture?

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Inferences

• Data can be used to make inferences.
• An inference is a logical explanation based on
  prior knowledge or experience.
• Scientists try to explain events in the natural
  world by interpreting evidence logically and
  analytically.

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Making Inferences

• Infer what is happening in the picture.

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Hypothesis

• After initial observations, the researchers will
  propose one or more hypotheses.
• A hypothesis is a proposed scientific explanation
  for a set of observations.
• Scientists generate hypotheses using prior
  knowledge and inferences from observations.
• Scientific hypotheses must be able to be tested.

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Scientific Limits

• Good scientists are skeptics, which means that
  they dont believe the first thing they hear.
• Scientists must be open-minded and consider new
  hypotheses and conclusions if data demand it.

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Setting Up a Controlled Experiment

• Testing a hypothesis involves designing an
  experiment.
• The factors in an experiment that can change are
  called variables.
• Examples of variables include temperature, time
  light

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Controlled Experiments

• Whenever possible, a hypothesis should be tested
  by an experiment in which only one variable is
  changed at a time.
• All other variables should be kept unchanged, or
  controlled.
• This type of experiment is called a controlled
  experiment.

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Variables

• The variable that is deliberately changed is
  called the independent variable (manipulated
  variable).
• The variable that is observed and that changes in
  response to the manipulated variable is called
  the dependent variable (responding variable).

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Recording and Analyzing Data

• Scientists usually keep written records of their
  observations or data.
• Sometimes, drawings record certain kinds of
  observations more accurately.
• Numerical data is usually recorded into a table,
  and analyzed using graphs.

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Drawing a Conclusion

• Scientists use the data from an experiment to
  evaluate a hypothesis and draw a valid
  conclusion.
• They use evidence to determine whether the
  hypothesis was supported or rejected.

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The Scientific Method

• Ask a Question
• Make Observations
• Form a Hypothesis
• Controlled Experiment
• Record and Analyze Data
• Draw a Conclusion

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Reliability

• A key assumption in science is that experimental
  results can be replicated because nature behaves
  in a consistent manner.
• When one particular variable is manipulated in a
  given set of variables, the result should
  typically be the same.

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Squidwards Symphony

• Squidward loves playing his clarinet believes
  it attracts more jellyfish than any other
  instrument he has played. In order to test his
  hypothesis, Squidward played a song on his
  clarinet for a total of 5 minutes and counted the
  of jellyfish he saw in his front yard. He
  played the song a total of 3 times on his
  clarinet and repeated the experiment using a
  flute and a guitar. He also recorded the number
  of jellyfish he observed when he was not playing
  an instrument. The results are shown in the
  chart.

• What is the independent variable?
• What is the dependent variable?
• What should Squidwards conclusion be?
• Are the results reliable?

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Inquiry Lab

• Observations
• Write down as many observations as you can.
• Keep any inferences in a separate column
• Questions
• Write down as many questions as you can.

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Inquiry Lab

• Choose one of your questions
• What is your hypothesis
• How would you test it?
• What other materials would you need?
• What is your procedure?

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