MUTATIONS%20Section%2011.3

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MUTATIONS Section 11.3

• pgs. 296 - 301

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Take out a sheet of paper and write both lab
partners names on it. Number it from 1- 8 and
answer the questions as they are presented.

• 1. What concepts/ideas come to mind when you hear
  the term mutation?
• 2. Why might a mutation have little or no harmful
  effect on an organism?

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OBJECTIVES

• Categorize different kinds of mutations that can
  occur in DNA.
• Compare the effects of different kinds of
  mutations on cells and organisms.

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Mutations

• Mutation change in DNA sequence
• 3. When or how could DNA be changed?
• Mutations can be caused by errors in replication,
  transcription, translation, cell division, or
  external agents.
• Mutations in Reproductive Cells can affect
  potential offspring (ex inheritable genetic
  disorders)
• Mutations in Body Cells do not get passed onto
  offspring (ex if an individual develops skin
  cancer)

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MUTATIONS

• Ex. 1 - THE DOG RAN ALL DAY becomes
• THE DOG SRA NAL LDA Y
• or
• Ex. 2 - THE DOG RAN ALL DAY becomes
• THE DOG FAN ALL DAY
• 4. Explain what happened in the 1st example.
• 5. Explain what happened in the 2nd example.
• 6. Why are the words 3 letters long?

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Types of Mutations - can alter the genetic code
causing changes to amino acids and then the
protein produced.

• Frameshift - moves reading frame to the left or
  right. Original sentence THE DOG RAN ALL DAY
• Deletion a base is deleted (THE DOG ANA LLD AY)
• Insertion a base is added (THE DOG GRA NAL LDA
  Y)

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• http//highered.mcgraw-hill.com/sites/0072556781/s
  tudent_view0/chapter11/animation_quiz_4.html

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Point Mutation/Substitution One base is
substituted in place of another possibly altering
amino acids produced

• Missense Mutation changes the amino acid
• THE DOG RAN ALL DAY
• THE DOG FAN ALL DAD

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POINT MUTATION/SUBSTITIUTION

• Nonsense Mutation changes amino acid to a stop
  codon.
• THE DOG RAN ALL DAY
• THE DOG RAN

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POINT MUTATION/SUBSTITUTION

• Silent Mutation Doesnt change the amino acid
• 7. Using the chart on pg. 292 give an example of
  how changing one of the 3 bases in a codon would
  result in a Silent Mutation.

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• 8. Describe what has happened to the each
  chromosome above.

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Chromosomal Alterations

• Chromosomes can be
• - broken off or lost during mitosis/meiosis
• - break off and rejoin incorrectly
• - a complete extra chromosome
• - a complete missing chromosome
• Fig. 11.12 pg. 300 Four kinds of chromosomal
  mutations.
• Deletion 3. Inversion
• Insertion 4. Translocation

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• Mutation of genetic material will affect the
  proteins produced

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Textbook pg. 299 s 14

• Working with another lab group answer questions 1
  4 on the dry erase boards.
• Be prepared to share your answers with other
  groups.

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Sickle Cell result from the change in one base
on Chromosome 11.
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Cause Repair

• Some mutations are spontaneous others can be the
  result of long term exposure
• Mutagen any agent that causes DNA change (ex
  harmful chemicals, radiation)
• Cells have repair mechanisms and special enzymes
  that can fix incorrect DNA.