Chapter 52 An Introduction to Ecology and the Biosphere Planet Earth

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Chapter 52An Introduction to Ecology and the
BiospherePlanet Earth
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• Chapter 52-Intro to Ecology and the Biosphere
• Chapter 53-Population Ecology
• Chapter 54-Community Ecology
• Chapter 55-Ecosystems

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Ecology

• The study of the interactions between organisms
  and their environment.

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Ecology

• Integrates all areas of biological research and
  informs environmental decision making.

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Organisms

• All living things.
• Studied at many levels.

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Ecology - levels

• 1. Organismal Ecology
• 2. Population Ecology
• 3. Community Ecology
• 4. Ecosystem Ecology
• 5. Landscape Ecology
• 6. Global Ecology
• See page 1145 for definitions and examples

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Distribution of Species

• Limited by interactions
  between organisms and
  the environment.

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Environment

• Abiotic Factors non-living factors.
• Ex Temperature, Light, Water
  Nutrients
• Biotic Factors effect of other organisms.
• Ex Competition, Predation

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Abiotic Factors

• 1. Temperature
• 2. Water
• 3. Salinity
• 4. Sunlight
• 5. Rocks and soil
• 6. Wind
• 7. Disturbance

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Temperature

• Effects biological processes.
• Ex
• Cold cells will rupture if they expand while
  freezing.
• Hot many proteins denature above 45 oC.
• Point life can only exist over a fairly narrow
  temperature range.

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Water

• Review the properties of water from Chapter 3.
• Cells must maintain a correct water potential
  (keep from exploding or drying out).

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Salinity

• Salt concentration affects osmotic potential and
  water balance.
• Most aquatic organisms are limited by their
  ability to osmoregulate.

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Sunlight

• Provides energy for Ps, which drives most food
  webs.
• Plants often compete for light because of shading
  or absorption of light by deep columns of water.

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Rocks and Soil

• Physical structure, pH, mineral composition of
  rocks and soil limit where plants can grow.
  Ex. Se soils.
• Plants limit what animals can be found in an area.

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Wind

• Effects temperature and water conditions for many
  organisms.
• May carry abrasive particles that limit plant
  growth by killing the growth points.
• Can change dispersal of organisms

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Disturbance

• Disturbance is often an important part of an
  environment.
• Allows organisms to re-colonize an area.
• Ex Fire Humans Wind

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Climate

• Shapes environments and what organisms can live
  in a particular area.
• Temperature, precipitation, sunlight and wind.

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Global Climate Patterns

• Determined largely by solar energy and the
  movement of heat across the planet.

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Great Ocean Currents
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Wind Patterns
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Climatic Factors

• Solar Radiation and Latitude
• Axis Tilt/Seasons
• Air/Water Circulation Patterns

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Solar Radiation and Latitude

• Changes the amount of light and energy delivered
  per surface area.

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Result

• Poles less light
• Equator more light
• The unequal heating causes air and water to
  circulate.

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Seasons

• Caused by the Earth's tilt.
• Day length changes over time.
• Many organisms are restricted in range by how
  well they adapt to changing seasons.

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• If Earths axis of rotation suddenly became
  perpendicular to the plane of its orbit, the most
  predictable effect would be.
• No more night and day
• A big change in the length of the year
• A cooling of the equator
• A loss of seasonal variation at high latitudes
• The elimination of ocean currents

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• If Earths axis of rotation suddenly became
  perpendicular to the plane of its orbit, the most
  predictable effect would be.
• No more night and day
• A big change in the length of the year
• A cooling of the equator
• A loss of seasonal variation at high latitudes
• The elimination of ocean currents

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Global Air Patterns

• Air rises when heated, sinks when cools.
• Zones of rising/sinking are created.
• Earth's rotation causes zones to "twist.

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Result

• Air circulation patterns.
• Rainfall patterns.
• rising air wet areas
• descending air dry areas

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Biomes

• Broad geographical regions with characteristic
  communities of organisms.

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Aquatic Biomes
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Fresh water Biomes

• Have lt1 salt concentration.
• Strongly influenced by temperature and light.
• Classification based on water flow patterns.

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Freshwater Biomes

• Lakes
• Wetlands
• Streams and Rivers
• Estuaries
• See Pg 1159-1160 for details

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Marine Biomes

• Cover 3/4 of the Earth's surface.
• Average 3 salt.
• Controlled by light and the distance to the shore.

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Marine Biomes

• 1. Intertidal
• 2. Oceanic Pelagic
• 3. Coral Reefs
• 4. Benthos
• See page 1161-1162

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Light Zones

• Photic - Enough light for Ps. Red light lost
  rapidly as depth increases.
• Aphotic - Lacks enough light for Ps and depends
  on food made in photic zone for energy. Part of
  the most extensive biome on the planet.

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Estuaries

• Where a freshwater river meets the ocean.
• Salinity variable.
• Very productive Biome.

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Coral Reef

• Characterized by coral.
• Found in shallow warm waters.
• Very productive.
• High species diversity.

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Benthos

• Bottom area.
• Usually fed by nutrients drifting down from upper
  levels.
• Fairly rich in life.

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Biomes Controlled by

• Temperature
• Water
• Geography

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Terrestrial Biomes

• Recognize all, but be able to describe features
  of 2-3 types.
• See pages 1153-1156.

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Tropical Forests

• Areas covered with dense growth of trees and
  vines.
• Climate
• Warm temperatures.
• Constant day length.
• High water.

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Tropical Forests
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Tropical Forests

• Have the greatest diversity of species of any
  area on Earth.
• Soil is usually very infertile. Most of the
  nutrients are in the plant life.
• One of the most endangered Biomes.

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Savanna

• Grasslands with a few trees.
• Climate with three growing seasons
• Cool and dry
• Hot and dry
• Warm and wet

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Savanna

• Rich in herbivores and predator species.
• Only major biome not found on North America.

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Desert

• Characterized by plants adapted to dry growing
  conditions.
• Climate
• Dry (lt30cm/yr).
• May be cold or hot.
• Often found in areas of descending air masses.
• Low productivity, but still fairly diverse in
  species.

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Chaparral

• Characterized by spiny evergreen shrubs.
• Climate
• Mild rainy winters
• Hot summers
• Ex Southern California

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Chaparral

• Maintained by fires.
• Plants adapted to periodic fires by seeds or
  re-growing from the roots.

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Temperate Grasslands

• Grasses and other herbs are the dominant
  vegetation.
• Climate
• Intermediate water
• Relatively cold winters

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Grasslands

• Very productive for agriculture. (wheat, corn)
• Need disturbance (fires) to keep trees out.
• Come in several types
• Tall grass
• Short grass

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Temperate Forests

• Deciduous trees dominate.
• Climate
• Relatively high rain
• Cold winters
• Very little natural area left.
• Good diversity of species.

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Taiga or Northern Coniferous Forest

• Coniferous trees dominate.
• Climate
• Long cold winters
• Short wet summers
• Long summer daylength

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Taiga or Northern Coniferous Forest

• Relatively low species diversity.
• Being logged at an alarming rate.

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Tundra

• Grasses and sedges dominate.
• Climate
• Very cold and dry
• Low light in winter

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Tundra

• Permafrost present.
• Plants low in height.
• Poor species diversity.

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Altitude and Latitude

• Mirror each other.
• Their Biomes are similar because the environments
  are similar.
• Ex Alpine Tundra

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Summary

• Know what is involved with the study of
  Ecology.
• Know the major factors of planet Earth that shape
  climate.
• Know the major aquatic and terrestrial biomes and
  the factors that control them.