Section 1:Civil War and Revolution

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CHAPTER 11
Enlightenment and Revolution in England and
America
Section 1 Civil War and Revolution Section
2 Constitutional Monarchy in England Section
3 English Colonial Expansion Section 4 The
Enlightenment Section 5 The American Revolution
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SECTION 4
The Enlightenment
Bell Ringer 11.4 Create a chart that details the
beliefs of Enlightenment philosophers.
Diderot Montesquieu Voltaire Rousseau

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• Chapter 11 Section 4
• Path to the Enlightenment
• A. The Enlightenment was a philosophical
  movement.
• The Enlightenment philosophers hoped to
  make a better society by applying the
  scientific method and reason to social
  problems.

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• B. Enlightenment philosophers thought that
  society was governed by natural laws.
• This belief that truth can be determined
  solely by logical thinking was called
  rationalism.

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• C. Enlightenment philosophers most famous and
  ambitious project was The Encyclopedia, a sort
  of handbook describing the ideas of the
  Enlightenment that became the most famous
  publication of the period.
• The Encyclopedia was edited by philosopher
  Denis Diderot. He published the first edition
  in 28 volumes between
• 1751 and 1772.

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SECTION 4
The Enlightenment
Diderot
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• Philosophes and Their Ideas
• A. Montesquieu wrote The Spirit of the Laws, he
  studied governments to find the natural laws
  governing social and political relationships.
• He identified three kinds of governments
  republics, despotism, and monarchies.

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SECTION 4
The Enlightenment
Montesquieu
Spirit of the Laws1748
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• B. Republic- form of government in which the
  leader is elected by the people.
• Despotism- form of government in which the
  leader has absolute power, such as a military
  dictator.
• Monarchy- form of government in which the
  leader is appointed through royal blood lines.

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• C. Montesquieu argued that government
  functioned best through a separation of powers
  (executive, legislative, and judicial) controlled
  by checks and balances.
• This structure gives the greatest freedom
  and security to the state. Montesquieus
  ideas influenced the American framers of
  the Constitution.

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• D. The greatest figure of the Enlightenment
  was Voltaire. Voltaire was best known for his
  criticism of Christianity.
• Voltaire championed deism, a religious
  philosophy based on reason and natural law.

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SECTION 4
The Enlightenment
Voltaire
Mr. Enlightenment Champion of religious freedom
freedom of thought
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• E. Deist believed that God created the world
  through established natural laws, and then let
  it run without his intervention.
• Voltaire became famous as a champion of
  religious freedom, freedom of thought, and
  freedom of speech.

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• Toward a New Social Science
• A. The Enlightenments beliefs created new
  social sciences, such as economics and
  political science.
• Jean-Jacques Rousseau published The Social
  Contract. He wrote that good government must be
  based on popular sovereignty. By this he meant
  that government must be created by and controlled
  by the people.

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SECTION 4
The Enlightenment
RousseauThe Social Contract
People are naturallygood .
The idea ofpopular sovereignty
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• B. Philosopher Adam Smith founded modern
  economics. He believed that if people were
  free to pursue their economic self-interest,
  all of society would benefit.
• Smith developed the term laissez-faire
  allow to do or hands-off, which argued that
  government should not interfere with the
  natural economic process.

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• C. Adam Smith expressed his beliefs about
  economics in his work The Wealth of Nations.
• Smith said that government had three purposes
• 1. protect society from invasion (army)
• 2. defend citizens from injustice (police)
• 3. maintain public works (roads)

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SECTION 4
The Enlightenment
Mary Wollstonecraft
Founding feminist philosopher
A Vindication of the Rights of Women (1792)
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SECTION 4
The Enlightenment
edited Encyclopedia, criticized society
wrote Spirit of the Laws, described perfect
government Checks balances
wrote Candide, championed freedom of thought and
religion
wrote The Social Contract, believed in
popularsovereignty