Nationalism Triumphs In Europe

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Nationalism Triumphs In Europe

• Chapter 22

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• AIM What factors contributed to the unification
  of Germany?
• DO NOW
• Pass up your homework
• Answer in your notebook How would you describe
  what makes an American an American?

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Section 1 German Unification

• Foundation of Unification
• German National Character
• What is meant by it?
• Napoleons Impact
• How did Napoleon impact German Unification?
• Prussian Leadership
• The Zollverein
• Who is the architect of German Unification?

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Otto von Bismarck

• Who is Bismarck?
• Prussian Junker
• 1862 - King William I made him chancellor or
  prime minister
• Master of Realpolitik
• By what means will Bismarck unify Germany?
• Blood and Iron
• Why does he want to unify Germany?

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Success in Three Wars

• Bismarcks Goal Unite all German speaking people
  under the Hohenzollern crown
• Danish War -
• Cause
• Wanted Schleswig and Holstein
• Asks Austria to assist and share in the spoils of
  war
• Needed a reason to fight with Austria later on
• Effects
• Prussia gets Schleswig and Austria gets the
  better province Holstein

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Success in Three Wars

• Austrian Prussian War (1866)
• Causes
• Bismarck wants the Confederation of the Rhine
  states dominated by Austria
• Claimed that Austria took the better province
  during the Danish War on purpose
• Effects
• Annexed or added Holstein and several other
  German states
• Bismarck dissolved the Austrian led confederation
  and created a new German confederation dominated
  by Prussia

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Success in Three Wars

• Franco Prussian War (1870)
• Causes
• Growing issues between France and Prussia
• Bismarck wants Alsace Lorraine territory, why?
• The Ems Dispatch
• Effects
• Quick victory for Prussia
• Downfall of the second empire of France
• German States unite under William I of Prussia
  German empire
• France had to give up the territories of Alsace
  and Lorraine
• France has to pay an indemnity
• 1871 King William I of Prussia - Kaiser

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The German Empire

• Bismarckian Government
• Constitution set up by Bismarck
• Two house legislature
• Bundersat upper house - Appointed by rules of the
  German states
• Reichstag Lower house elected by universal
  male suffrage

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Section 2 Strengthening Germany
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The Iron Chancellor

• Foreign Policy
• Sought to keep France weak and isolated while
  building strong links with Austria and Russia
• He respected British naval power, and wanted to
  remain allies

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The Iron Chancellor

• Domestic Policy
• Campaign against the Church
• Why did he distrust Catholics?
• Launched Kulturkampf Battle for Civilization
• What was the goal?
• State supervision of catholic education
• State Approval of priests
• Closed some religious orders
• Expelled Jesuits from Prussia
• Couples married by civil authority

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The Iron Chancellor

• Campaign against Socialists
• Social Democratic Party called for a true
  democracy and laws to improve conditions for the
  working class
• Bismarck feared the socialists would turn workers
  toward revolution
• Dissolved socialist groups, shut down their
  newspapers, banned meetings
• RESULT Action backfired people began to
  support a socialist cause
• Bismarck changes course
• Sets up laws to help workers and pull them away
  from socialist promises
• Health and accident insurance
• Old age insurance and retirement benefits

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William II

• William II Succeeds William I as Kaiser
• Asks Bismarck to step down There is only one
  master in the Reich and that is I
• Believed in divine right
• Resisted democratic reforms
• But provided services
• Social welfare benefits
• Cheap transportation and electricity
• Excellent system of public schools
• Put a great deal of money into the military

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Section 3 Italian Unification

• Background
• many independent kingdoms and states
• At Vienna Austria took control of N. Italy
• Hapsburg monarchs ruled other states
• French Bourbon king ruled Naples and Sicily

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Young Italy

• Nationalists organized secret societies
• Giuseppe Mazzini - Young Italy
• GOAL - to constitute Italy, one free,
  independent, republican nation
• 1849 - Helped set up a revolutionary republic in
  Rome - French forces soon toppled
• Lived most of his life in exile

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Italian Unification

• Although revolutionary republic had failed, seeds
  of intense nationalism were planted
• What cultural aspects would soon help to unite
  Italy?
• Geography
• Language
• End trade barriers between Italian states

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Cavour and Unification

• 1849 -Sardinia - Italian Nationalist movement
• King Victor Emmanuel II hoped to join other
  states to his own
• Count Camillo Cavour - Prime minister
• Edited Il Risorgimento
• believed in realpolitik
• Improved Sardinias economy - encouraged commerce
  by supporting free trade
• Long term goal Expel Austrian power from Italy
  and add Lombardy and Venetia to Sardinia

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Cavour and Unification

• Crimean War - 1855 - against Russia
• Sardinia joins - no rewards or territory just a
  voice
• Gained France as an ally
• Failure of the Concert of Europe

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Cavour and Unification

• Plombieres
• Cavour gained a promise from Napoleon III that
  France would support a Sardinian war with Austria
  for the creation of a northern Italian kingdom
  (controlled by Sardinia)
• Sardinia would annex a number of Italian states
  such as Venice, Lombardy, Parma, Modena and part
  of the Papal States
• In return France would get Savoy and Nice

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Cavour and Unification

• Austria declared a war on Sardinia in 1859 after
  being provoked
• Sardinia Piedmont gained Lombardy but not Venetia
  as a result of the 1859 war with Austria

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Garibaldi and Sicily

• Giuseppe Garibaldi liberated southern Italy and
  Sicily
• His army known as the Red Shirts extended the
  national activity in the South
• Took Control of Naples and the Kingdom of the Two
  Sicilies
• Cavour feared Garibaldi would keep the land for
  himself
• Garibaldi the allowed his conquests to be added
  into Sardinia-Piedmont

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Unification Achieved

• In February 1861 Victor Emmanuel declared himself
  King of Italy
• The Constitution made it a limited monarchy with
  a Parliament
• Two areas still remain outside of Italy Venice
  and Rome
• In 1866 min. was a corporate its Italy as a
  result of an alliance with Otto von Bismarck
• Rome was captured by Italian troops in 1871

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Problems

• Post-unification issues
• There was a gap, economically and culturally
  between the North and the South
• The North was more industrialized and the South
  was more agricultural
• Though it was a constitutional monarchy very few
  men have the right to vote

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Section 4 Nationalism Threatens Old Empires

• The Austrian Hapsburgs
• Oldest Empire in Europe
• Empire contained many conquered / acquired
  territories
• Government tried to limit industrial development
  BECAUSE it would threaten traditional ways of
  life
• By the 1840s Austria had factories, discontent
  workers, cities, and socialism

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The Dual Monarchy

• 18 yr old Francis Joseph takes the throne
• Ignored nationalist demands
• Granted a new constitution
• Set up legislature-German speaking Austrians
• Issues?
• DUAL MONARCHY
• Francis Deak
• Austrian Hungarian Compromise
• Separate states
• Own parliament and constitution
• Shared
• Same king Francis Joseph
• Ministries of finance, defense, and foreign
  affairs

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The Ottoman Empire

• Why called the sick/dying man of Europe?
• Multinational empire
• Autonomy Serbs
• Europeans want to divide up Ottoman lands
  strategic location
• Balkan Wars- Powder Keg of Europe why?

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Section 5 Russia, Reform and Reaction

• Background
• Multinational empire
• Had immense amount of national resources 
• OBSTACLES TO PROGRESS
• Economically underdeveloped
• Rigid social structure serfdom

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The Tsars A History of Russian Absolutism

• Three Pillars of Russian Absolutism Orthodoxy,
  Autocracy, Nationalism
• ALEXANDER I 1801
• Eased censorship
• At Congress of Vienna joined conservative side
  opposing liberals and nationalists
• NICHOLAS I 1825
• Suppressed Decembrist revolt - What did they
  want?
• Cracked down on all dissent
• Censorship
• Secret police hunted critics
• Suppression of all non Russians
• Exiles sent to Siberia
• REFORMS
• Law code
• Economic Reforms
• Tried to limit the power of the landowning serfs

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The Tsars A History of Russian Absolutism

• ALEXANDER II 1855
• Defeat during the Crimean war made Russia realize
  how back ward they were
• This forced czars to make reforms
• 1861 Emancipation of the serfs
• Industrialization
• Urbanization
• Local governments elected officials ZEMSTVOS
• Reduced length of military service
• Trial by jury
• Eased censorship
• RESULTS OF REFORMS
• Peasants had freedom, but not land
• Liberals wanted a constitution
• Radicals didnt want a czar
• Czar moves back toward repression
• 1881 Terrorists assassinate Alexander II

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The Tsars A History of Russian Absolutism

• ALEXANDER III Responds by instating harsh
  policies Like Nicholas I
• Wanted to wipe out liberals and revolutionaries
• Increased power of the secret police
• Restored strict censorship
• Exiled people to Siberia
• Russification Program one language, one church,
  rid the country of non-Russians
• Period of Intolerance and Persecution
• Poles
• Muslims
• Jews Pogroms planned attacks against Jews
• Economic Policies
• INDUSTRIALAIZATION
• Build railroads (Trans Siberian)
• Factories
• Mines
• Socialists
• Revolutionaries organize
• Marxists - Lenin

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The Tsars A History of Russian Absolutism

• NICHOLAS II 1905
• Russia vs. Japan war
• Russia defeated people blame government because
  it was inefficient, corrupt, military unprepared
  weapons or supplies
• REACTION Reforms are demanded, revolts,
  demonstrations
• Workers short hours and better pay
• Liberals constitution
• Radicals complete change in government
• Result Bloody Sunday massacre of protesters
• REVOLUTION OF 1905 Reaction to Bloody Sunday
• Strikes multiply
• Revolts
• Workers took over Zemstvos
• Minority nationalists called for autonomy
• Peasants demanded land
• REACTION
• Czar issued OCTOBER MANIFESTO Freedom of person
  conscience, speech, assembly, and union.
• Duma elected national legislature

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The Tsars A History of Russian Absolutism

• RESULTS OF THE REVOLUTION
• 1906- Duma met and was dissolved by czar
• Appointed a prime minister (Peter Stolypin)
  Conservative
• Restores order with arrests, executions, pogroms
• REFORMS
• Strengthened local governments
• Improved education
• Moderate land reform
• Assassinated in 1911 
• 1914 Russia still an autocratic country,
  shimmering with peasant and worker unrest