The%20Civil%20War

1
The Civil War

• 1861-1865

2
Civil War, State Breakdown
3
Lincoln is Inaugurated

• Question Will Lincoln use the military to
  challenge the secession?
• Inaugural Address In YOUR hands, my dissatisfied
  fellow-countrymen, and not in MINE, is the
  momentous issue of civil war. The government will
  not assail YOU. You can have no conflict without
  being yourselves the aggressors. YOU have no oath
  registered in heaven to destroy the government,
  while I shall have the most solemn one to
  "preserve, protect, and defend it."
• I am loathe to close. We are not enemies, but
  friends. We must not be enemies. Though passion
  may have strained, it must not break our bonds of
  affection. The mystic chords of memory,
  stretching from every battlefield and patriot
  grave to every living heart and hearthstone all
  over this broad land, will yet swell the chorus
  of the Union when again touched, as surely they
  will be, by the better angels of our nature.
• Assures Southerners that he does not plan on
  interfering with slavery
• Message of Conciliation and Warning
• Preserve the Union

4
Lincoln and the Executive Office

• Lincoln exercised his powers as executive and
  Commander in Chief in unprecedented ways and
  without Congressional approval.
• Called for the 75,000 troops
• Funding for the war
• Suspended the writ of habeas corpus

5
Prospects for Victory, Economy

• Union
• 85 of the Nations factories and manufactured
  goods
• 70 of the Railroads
• 65 of the Farmlands

• Confederacy
• Were depending on KING COTTON. European demand
  for cotton would bring financial support and
  recognition, maybe even an alliance.

6
Prospects for Victory, Politics

• Union
• Well established central government
• Politicians had defined parties with a strong
  base
• Preserve the Union

• Confederacy
• Motivated by independence
• States Rights, individual states v strong
  central government.
• Strong central government was needed
• Hope that Northerners would give up when the war
  became too long and too costly.

7
Prospects for Victory

• Union
• Population 22.5 million
• Industrial Workers 1.3 million
• Factories produced nine times as many industrial
  goods as the South 17 times as many cotton and
  woolen goods 30 times as many boots and shoes
  20 times as much pig iron24 times as many RR
  locomotives 33 times as many firearms
• 800,000 immigrants
• Emancipation brings 180,000 African Americans

• Confederacy
• Population 9 million, only 5.5 million free.
• Industrial Workers 110,000
• Defensive war
• 750,000 square miles of territory
• More Southerners had attended military academies
  including West Point
• Most nations that fought for independence won
• Experience using firearms and horses

8
Resources, Union and Confederacy
9
Confederate States of America

• Constitution modeled after the Constitution of
  the United States
• Differences
• Non-successive six year term
• Line item veto
• Denied congress the powers to levy a protective
  tariff and appropriate funds for internal
  improvements
• Prohibited the foreign slave trade

10
Fort Sumter

• Location Harbor of Charleston, South Carolina
• Sumter is attacked
• Lincoln responds by calling on the states to
  provide 75,000 militia men for 90 days of
  service. Two times the amount volunteered. Eight
  states still in the Union refused to send troops
  while four of the eight seceded. AR, TN, NC VA

11
Civil War, 1861-1862
12
The War, 1861-1862

• Man was willing to die for a cause of greater
  value to him than life itself. Hegel, On the
  French Revolution
• First Battle of Bull Run, Manassas Junction, VA
  July 21, 1861
• As Union forces closed in on victory, General
  Thomas Stonewall Jackson arrived with
  reinforcements and the Union forces retreated.
• Realization this war was going to take longer
  than originally expected.

13
The War, 1861-1862, Eastern Theater

• 21 July 1861, Manassas, VA, First Battle of Bull
  Run, Confederates turn back Union Troops, Gen.
  Irvin McDowell replaced by Gen. George McClellan
• Peninsula Campaign, march from Washington ?
  Richmond May 1862, McClellan, 2½ months to go 65
  miles, Johnston stops McClellan outside Richmond
• Seven Days Battle, Robert E. Lee, defeats
  McClellan, Union abandons the Peninsula Campaign.
  
• McClellan Removed, Replaced by General John Pope
• 29 30 August 1862, Second Battle of Bull Run,
  Pope removed. McClellan put back in Charge

14
The War, 1861-1862, Eastern Theater

• 17 September 1862 Battle of Antietam, Sharpsburg
  Maryland, Lee invades, forced to retreat.
  McClellan replaced by Gen. Ambrose Burnside.
  6,000 men dead or dying, 17,000 wounded.
• Lincoln has the victory he needed to deliver the
  Emancipation Proclamation, slaves will be free in
  states at war with the Union as of January 1,
  1863.
• 13 December 1862, Battle of Fredericksburg,
  Fredericksburg, VA Lee defeats Burnside, crushing
  defeat for the Union, 13,000 casualties, 5000
  casualties

15
The War, 1861-1862, Western Theater

• The Mississippi River, Tennessee River and
  Cumberland River very important to the Western
  Theater.
• 6-8 March 1862, Battle of Pea Ridge, Gen. Samuel
  Curtis v Gen. Earl Van Doran, victory in Missouri
  opens up Arkansas.
• 6 February 1862 Battle at Fort Henry, TN on the
  TN River. General Ulysses S. Grant
• 16 February 1862, Battle at Fort Donelson, on the
  Cumberland. Grant
• 6 -7 April 1862, Battle of Shiloh. Grant defeats
  Albert Sidney Johnston, 20,000 casualties.
• 25 April 1862, New Orleans captured
• 6 June 1862, Memphis falls

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The War, 1863-65
17
The War, 1863-65

• Vicksburg, Mississippi key to controlling the
  Mississippi River, Union must take it.
• 22 May 4 July 1863, Siege of Vicksburg, 30,000
  Confederates surrender.
• 1 3 July 1863, Battle of Gettysburg,
  Gettysburg, PA. Lee (75,000) invades Union
  territory 28 June, Gen. George Meade,
  Confederates suffer 28,000 casualties, retreat to
  Virginia
• 16-20 September, Battle of Chickamauga
• 23-25 November 1863, Battle of Chattanooga, Grant
  victorious, Early 1864 named General in Chief of
  all Union Armies, Army of the Potomac.

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The War, 1863-65

• Grant puts Gen. William Tecumseh Sherman in
  charge of the Western Theater, Sherman begins the
  move to Atlanta.
• 15 November 1864 March to the Sea, Atlanta to
  Savannah, goal destroy the will of the south.
  Sherman moves 100,000 men against 65,000
  Confederates
• Grant takes command of the Army of the Potomac
• 5-7 May 1864 The Wilderness Campaign, Northern
  Virginia, Grant and Lee head to head. 18,000
  casualties 11,000 casualties

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The War, 1863-65

• 7 -19 May, Spotsylvania Court House, Union
  Victory, Union 18,000 casualties Confederacy
  10,000 casualties.
• 3 June 1864, Cold Harbor, Confederate victory,
  5,000 Confederate casualties,13,000 Union
  casualties
• June 1864 April 1865, Siege of Petersburg
• 15-16 December 1864, Nashville, Union is now in
  total control.
• 1 February 1865, Sherman leaves Savannah and
  marches to the Carolinas
• Lee abandons Petersburg, heads to Richmond
• 9 April 1865 Appomattox Court House, Virginia Lee
  surrenders.

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Election of 1864

• People questioned whether the election would take
  place.
• Republican Lincoln, Democrats McClellan
• Republican Platform Crush the Confederacy,
  Amendment to ban slavery, warned European Nations
  to remain neutral, assistance to veterans
• Democrat Platform Condemned the Union effort,
  attacked Lincoln for wartime measures, end
  hostilities.
• Campaign McClellan early favorite, September war
  looks good for the Union

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Results, Election of 1864
22
The First Modern War

• Technology
• Public Sentiment
• Mobilizing Resources

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The First Modern War, Technology

• Weapons created by the industrial revolution
• First major conflict in which the railroad was
  used to transport troops and supplies.
• Railroad junctions become prime targets
• Monitor(U) v Merrimac(C) Ironclad superiority
• Telegraph
• Observation Balloons
• Submarines
• Musket replaced by the rifle

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The First Modern War, Technology

• The rifle changed the nature of military combat
• More emphasis placed on heavy fortifications
• Trenches
• Advantage often held by those on the defensive

25
The First Modern War, The Public

• Public opinion was important, both the Union and
  Confederacy used propaganda. Drawings, music, and
  pamphlets
• War correspondents, Newspapers, Photographers-
  bring the war home.

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The First Modern War, The Public
27
The First Modern War, The Public
28
The First Modern War, Mobilization

• The Union and the Confederacy were unprepared.
• Both sides lacked a national bank, tax system
  capable of raising sufficient capital to fund the
  war, accurate maps of the southern states.
• Trouble purchasing and distributing the food,
  weapons and supplies to the troops. Eventually
  the Union will figure this out.

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The First Modern War, Mobilization

• Confederacy suffered from shortages of food,
  uniforms, and shoes.
• Union generals accustomed to leading small bands
  of professional soldiers had difficulty managing
  the large numbers of untrained soldiers
• Union Generals were too focused on capturing
  Richmond
• Union raised money by raising the tariff, placed
  taxes on the production and consumption of goods

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The First Modern War, Mobilization

• Union raised money by raising the tariff, placed
  taxes on the production and consumption of goods
• Sold interest-bearing bonds, 2 billion
• Greenbacks 400 million legal tender
• Homestead Act- promoted frontier settlement
• Land Grant College Act
• Union Pacific and Central Pacific Railroads
• Prosperity in the North
• Confederacy banked on Cotton Diplomacy
• States Rights stood in the way of a united
  Confederacy

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Civil War, Settling of the Frontier

• Homestead Act- promoted the settlement of the
  Great Plains 160 acres of public land free to
  whatever person or family would farm that land
  for at least five years
• Morrill Land Grant Act use the sale of federal
  lands to maintain agricultural and technical
  colleges
• Pacific Railway Act authorized the building of a
  transcontinental railroad over a northern route

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Civil War Results-Lasting Effects

• Civil Liberties Habeus Corpus,
• Conscription Act 1863
• States Rights Arguments ceased to be major
  issues
• Northerners Dominate the political scene
• Economic Changes
• War Bonds 2.6 Billion
• Morrill Tariff
• 430 million in greenbacks, inflation
• Modern industrial economy

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Reconstruction

• How would the South rebuild its economy and
  society after the four years of war?
• What should the role of government be in helping
  the 4 million slaves integrate into society?
• How should the confederate states be handled?

34
Reconstruction

• Lincolns Plan
• Oath of allegiance to the Union and the
  Constitution
• Accept the Emancipation of slaves
• State governments would be accepted as legitimate
  by the President as long as 10 of the voters
  took loyalty oaths
• Each state would have to rewrite their
  constitutions and eliminate slavery

• Johnsons Plan
• Disenfranchisement of all former leaders of the
  Confederacy
• Disenfranchisement of all Confederates with
  20,000 or more dollars in taxable property
• Johnson made use of his power to pardon.
• States had to revoke their ordinances of
  secession
• States had to ratify the XIII amendment
• The 11 states had complied with the requirements
  of reconstruction.

35
Reconstruction

• Congressional
• Republicans were angered by
• Former confederates holding elective office
• The Southern implementation of the Black Codes.

36
Reconstruction, Black Codes

• Allowed former slaves to
• marry fellow blacks
• Own personal property
• Sue and be sued
• Required former slaves to buy a license to work a
  craft
• Arrest and fine unemployed blacks
• Allowed for employers to pay the fines of
  unemployed blacks in exchange for labor

• Forbade former slaves to
• Serve on juries
• Vote
• Carry weapons without a license
• Hold public office
• Own land
• Travel without a permit
• Contract labor

37
Reconstruction, Reconstruction Acts

• Except for TN, ratified XIV Amendment, the other
  ten state governments were declared illegal
• Ten states were divided into five military
  districts
• The army could use force to maintain the peace
  and protect civil rights
• Each state had to call a convention and write a
  new constitution, members of the convention were
  elected by all males, constitutions had to
  guarantee suffrage to African-American males
  former Confederate officers were not allowed to
  participate.
• States had to ratify the XIV Amendment
• Voters in each state had to approve of their new
  constitution

38
Reconstruction Civil Rights Act of 1866, XIV and
XV

• Civil Rights Act- African-Americans given the
  right to testify in court, own land, make
  contracts and exercise all the rights of white
  Americans
• XIV
• All persons born in the United States were
  naturalized citizens.
• States were forbidden from denying a person their
  rights without due process of law.
• All citizens were to enjoy equal protection
  under the law.
• States would lose representation in Congress in
  proportion to the number of citizens denied the
  right to vote
• Former Confederate officials could not hold
  office unless pardoned by 2/3 of Congress
• Confederate debts would not be paid
• Former slave owners could not sue for the value
  of lost slaves
• XV
• Could not deny anyone the right to vote based on
  race, color or previous condition of servitude

39
Reconstruction

• Freedmens Bureau, provided food, shelter,
  medical aid, 3000 schools and legal help
• Tenure of Office Act 1867, required the President
  to get Congressional approval for removing any
  Federal official including cabinet members.
  Johnson vetoed, Congress overrode the veto.
  Johnson removes Stanton, congress impeaches
  Johnson

40
Election of 1868

• Republicans nominated Ulysses S. Grant, party
  supported black suffrage in the South, favored
  radical reconstruction, and encouraged
  immigration and naturalization
• Democrats nominated Horatio Seymour, party
  supported amnesty for rebels, dismantling of
  Radical Reconstruction, supported naturalization,
  use of greenbacks to redeem government bonds

41
Election of 1868, campaign

• Grant- didnt campaign, theme, Let us have
  peace. Bloody Shirt Democrats were the party
  of secession and treason. Grant, war hero
• Seymours VP candidate Francis Blair campaigned
  actively

42
Election of 1868, Results
Ulysses S. Grant Horatio Seymour
Party Republican Democrat
Pop Vote 3,012,833 2,703,249
Pop Vote 53 47
Electoral Vote 214 80
States 26 8
43
Election of 1872

• Republicans nominated Grant, platform denounced
  discrimination, hard money, expand foreign trade
  and shipbuilding
• Liberal Republicans nominated Horace Greeley of
  NY, denounced the corruption of the Grant
  Administration, reform Civil Service, amnesty to
  former confederates, one term presidency,
  restoration of home rule in the southern states.
• Democrats endorsed Greeley, failed to produce
  their own candidate

44
Election of 1872, Campaign

• Scandal, question over who was better fit to run
  the country.
• Greeley died after election day, electoral votes
  ended up being distributed to 4 men.

45
Election of 1872, Results

Grant Greeley
Party Republican Liberal Republican
Pop Vote 3,597,070 2,834,079
Pop Vote 56 44
Elect College 286 0 (66)
States 29 6
46
Grant Administration

• September 24, 1869, Black Friday
• James Fisk and Jay Gould try to corner the gold
  market, use Grants brother-in-law, Abel R.
  Corbin to gain influence
• 2. Credit Mobilier
• Holding company skimmed off the profits of the
  federally subsidized Union Pacific Railroad.
• When the investors learned that they may be
  investigated they sold shares in the company to
  members of congress at a substantial discount.

47
Grant Administration

• 3. Delinquent Tax Scandal
• Treasury Sec., William Richardson allowed John D.
  Sanborn to collect delinquent taxes.
• Sanborn was allowed to keep 50 of the revenue he
  collected, which totaled 400,000
• 4. Whiskey Ring
• Federal officials and hundreds of distillers
  diverted millions of dollars in tax revenue into
  their own pockets.
• Grant calls on prosecutors to let no guilty man
  escape. When Orville Babcock is implicated,
  Grant steps in, Personal Secretary

48
Grant Administration

• 5. Belknap bribery
• War Secretary took kickbacks from traders at
  Indian posts. Payments went to his wife then to
  him.
• 6. Tweed Ring, 200 million from New York tax
  payers. Democratic party boss.
• Grants administration, marred by scandal
• Grant continued with reconstruction, 1872
  dismantled the Freedmens bureau.
• Threatened the use of force against the Ku Klux
  Klan
• Civil Rights Act of 1875, declared
  unconstitutional 1883

49
Election of 1876

• Republicans nominated Rutherford B. Hayes of
  Ohio. Platform permanent pacification of the
  south, opposed federal subsidies to Catholic or
  other sectarian schools, land grants to railroads
  or other corporations, vowed to eradicate
  polygamy.
• Democrats nominated Samuel Tilden, NY. Platform
  promised an honest and efficient government,
  tariff reform, restrict Oriental immigration.
  Opposed land grants to railroads

50
Election of 1876, Campaign

• Tilden supporters criticized the Republicans for
  the corruption of the Grant administration.
• Hayes supporters waived the Bloody Shirt
• Grants corruption, Tildens record against the
  Tweed Ring, and white control of the south should
  have meant victory for Tilden, but Colorado (1876)

51
Election of 1876, Problems

• Tilden wins popular vote, but the electoral votes
  of LA, SC and FL were in confusion, one electoral
  vote in Oregon was in dispute.
• Hayes was ahead in SC, but Tilden looked to be
  ahead in LA and FL, Republican officials declared
  a number of ballots invalid.
• Tilden led 184-166, 1 vote shy of a majority.
• Congress established a 15 man electoral
  commission.

52
Electoral Commission,
Commission Republican Democrat
Senators 3 2
Representatives 2 3
Justices 2 (3) 2

53
Election of 1876, Results

• All members voted along party lines, Hayes
  elected by one vote. Some threatened rebellion.
• Compromise of 1877- Hayes agrees to end the
  military occupation of the South and he will
  bring one Southern Democrat into his cabinet.
  Push for a southern transcontinental railroad.

54
Hayes Administration

• Civil Service Reform- Hayes wants to make use of
  competitive examinations and wants to prohibit
  federal employees from getting involved in
  political activities.
• Chinese Immigration by 1880 Chinese were 9 of
  the Western population, railroad industry slows,
  competition for other work, Americans threatened?