Bio212

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• Bio212
• Laboratory 1
• Blood and Blood Typing

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Objectives for Lab 1

• Be able to read and interpret a blood typing card
  (agglutination reaction) and determine blood type
  from what you see
• Understand what determines blood type and under
  what circumstances a transfusion reaction may
  occur, i.e., what serum antibodies must be
  present for a reaction to take place
• Be able to distinguish the formed elements of
  blood under the microscope or from a
  photomicrograph, and know the approximate
  percentage of each type of leukocyte

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Neutrophils

• light blue granules in acid-base stain
• lobed nucleus
• other names
• segs
• polymorphonuclear leukocyte (PMNs)
• bands (young neutrophils)
• first to arrive at infections
• phagocytic
• 54 - 62 of leukocyte
• elevated in bacterial infections

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Basophils

• deep blue granules from basic stain
• release histamine
• release heparin
• less than 1 of leukocytes

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Eosinophils

• deep red granules in acid stain
• bilobed nucleus
• moderate allergic reactions
• defend against parasitic worm infestations
• 1 - 3 of leukocytes
• elevated in worm infestations and allergic
  reactions

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Monocytes

• largest blood cell
• kidney-shaped or oval nuclei
• leave bloodstream to become macrophages
• 3 - 9 of leukocytes
• elevated in typhoid fever, malaria, tuberculosis

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Lymphocytes

• about the size of RBC
• large spherical nuclei
• thin rims of cytoplasm
• T cells
• B cells
• important in immunity
• produce antibodies
• 25 - 33 of leukocytes
• decreased T Cells in AIDS

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Antigens and Antibodies

• The major function of the immune system is to
  distinguish self from non-self
• Antigens are glycoproteins that can potentially
  trigger an immune response (agglutinogens)
• An antibody is a protein that binds specifically
  to a particular antigen (agglutinins)

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ABO Blood Group
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Agglutination

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Blood Agglutination
Anti-D Rh factor
Agglutination(positive rexn)
Homogeneous lawn of RBCs (negative rexn)
Figure From Martini, Anatomy Physiology,
Prentice Hall, 2001
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Preferred and Permissible Blood Types for
Transfusion
NOTE Type AB is a universal recipientType O is
a universal donor
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Rh Blood Group Factor
Several antigens, most important is antigen D If
any Rh antigens present, blood is Rh Anti-Rh
antibodies develop after exposure of an Rh-
individual to Rh blood.
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Determining if a transfusion reaction will occur

1. When transfusing packed red cells, only RBCs
   will be transfused from donor to recipient
2. Must consider ONLY if the antibodies present in
   the recipients plasma will react with the
   donors RBCs.

Example Transfusing CELLS from a type B donor to
a type A recipient.
Cells
Plasma
Cells
Plasma
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Review
BLOOD TYPE A B AB O
Antigen on RBCs A B A and B neither A or B
Antibodies in plasma B A neither A or B both A and B
Compatible donors A, O B, O AB, A, B, O O
Incompatible donors B, AB A, AB NONE A, B, AB
Genotype IAIA OR IAi IBIB, IBi IAIB ii
Phenotype type A type B type AB type O
AB universal recipient, O universal donor
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Things you should do in lab today

• Examine the blood slide (20) under the
  microscope
• Blood slide be able to recognize and
  distinguish among the different types of cells as
  well as platelets
• Might want to try a differential count (100
  cells)
• Refer to your
• Holes Lab Manual for pictures/guidance
• See Lab Guide (handout) checklist of cells for
  which you are responsible for Laboratory Exercise
  1
• Test your blood (work with a partner)
• Use the Eldoncard kits to test YOUR OWN blood
  see the instructions in your Lab Guide
• Determine your blood type
• Fill out Lab Report sheet and hand in today

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Things you should do in lab today

• For those of you who dont want to, or should
  not, test your own blood
• Use the synthetic test kits to test ONE OF THE
  SAMPLES of synthetic blood see the instructions
  in your Lab Guide
• Determine the blood type
• BE SURE TO INDICATE THE NUMBER OF THE SAMPLE YOU
  TESTED ON YOUR HAND-IN SHEET!!
• Fill out Lab Report sheet and hand in
• Please be sure to sign Lab Safety Rules sheet

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Next Lab

• Suggest that you label the following exercises in
  preparation for examining models and learning
  blood vessels
• See Blood/Cardiovascular links on Web site
• Heart Models
• Exercise 38 in Holes Lab Manual
• Blood vessels
• Exercise 40 in Holes Lab Manual