Production of Biodiesel from Used Groundnut Oil from Bosso Market, Minna, Niger State, Nigeria

1
Production of Biodiesel from Used Groundnut Oil
from Bosso Market, Minna, Niger State, Nigeria

• Alabadan B.A.
• Department of Agricultural and Bioresources
  Engineering, Federal University, Oye Ekiti.
•  
• Ajayi E.S.
• Department of Agricultural and Bioresources
  Engineering, Federal University, Oye Ekiti.
• Godwin J.A.
• Department of Agricultural and Bioresources
  Engineering, Federal University of Technology,
  Minna, Niger State.

2
Abstract

• The transesterification of used cooking oil
  with short-chain alcohols, in the presence of
  base catalyst sodium hydroxide (NaOH) and
  methanol as solvent, by means of single step
  batch transesterification process in order to
  obtain biodiesel fuel was studied using a
  reaction ratio of 61 for alcohol to oil ratio.
  The oil was heated in a water bath.
• The process variables that were investigated
  are catalyst concentration and reaction time. The
  variable that was fixed throughout the whole
  experiment was quantity of used vegetable oil,
  mixing degree of mechanical stirrer at 1300 rpm
  and alcohol to oil ratio. The oil was divided
  into three samples namely, 1, 2, and 3.

3
Abstract Contd

• The biodiesel yield for the samples are 58ml,
  79ml and 70ml respectively while the glycerine
  yield for the samples were 19ml, 19ml and 20ml
  respectively. The reaction times for the three
  samples are 60, 90 and 120 minutes respectively.
• The best result for highest yield and highest
  purity is at 90 minutes reaction time and 1.5g
  catalyst concentration.
• Sample 2 was found to have the highest cetane
  rating closer to the ASTM standard which implies
  that sample 2 will be a more efficient fuel than
  the other two samples, guarantee smooth running
  of the engine as well as burn cleaner.

4
Introduction

• Biodiesel is defined as mono-alkyl esters of long
  chain fatty acids derived from vegetable oils or
  animal fats which conform to American Society for
  Testing and Materials, ASTM D6751 specifications
  for use in diesel engines.
• It is a clean burning alternative fuel, produced
  from domestic and renewable resources.
• Biodiesel can be blended at any level with diesel
  to create a biodiesel blend.

5
Advantages of Biodiesel

• Biodiesel is simple to use,
• Biodegradable (biodegrades as fast as sugar)
• Nontoxic
• Essentially free of sulphur and aromatics.
• Much cleaner than fossil-fuel diesel.
• Diesel engines run better and last longer with
  biodiesel.
• Better for the environment because it is made
  from renewable resources and has lower emissions
  compared to petroleum diesel (Ramadhas et al.,
  2005).

6

• Biodiesel is made through a chemical process
  called transesterification .
• The process leaves behind two products
• (i) methyl esters or biodiesel and
• (ii) glycerine.
• Using biodiesel in a usual diesel engine
  substantially reduces emissions of unburned
  hydrocarbons, carbon monoxide, sulphates,
  polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons, nitrated
  polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons, and particulate
  matter

7

• In many European countries, a 5 biodiesel blend,
  B5 is widely used and is available at thousands
  of gas stations.
• The majority of vehicle manufacturers limit their
  recommendations to 15 biodiesel blended with
  mineral diesel.
• Diesel blends containing up to 20 biodiesel
  called B20 can be used in nearly all diesels
  powered equipment, and higher-level blends and
  pure biodiesel.
• B100 can be used in many engines with little or
  no modification.
• Lower-level blends are compatible with most
  storage and distribution equipment, but special
  handling is required for higher-level blends

8
Table 1. Chemical properties and fatty acid
composition () of UCO
Property Fatty Acid Composition UCO
Palmitic acid C160 16
Stearic acid C180 5.21
Oleic acid C181 34.28
Linoleic acid C182 40.76
Specific gravity 0.92







UCO Used Cooking Oil
9
Table 2. Specifications of biodiesel fuels
Properties REF UCO
Density at 15 0C (Kg/m3) 834 887
Kinematic viscosity at 40 0C (cSt) 2.72 5.16
Gross heating value (MJ/kg) 45.54 39.26
Lower heating value (MJ/kg)a 42.49 36.59
Acid Number (mg KOH/g) 0.10 0.55
C (wt.) 86.13 76.95b
H (wt.) 13.87 10.91b
O (wt.) 0 12.14b
Sulphur Content (ppm wt.) 34 0b
Water Content (ppm wt.) 57 466
IBP (0C) 172 320
T10 (0C) 211 325
T50 (0C) 270 333
T90 (0C) 340 356
Molecular weight 211.7c 293.2b
Stoichiometric fuel/air ratio 1/14.67 1/12.55
CFPP (0C) -18 -6
Iodine Number - 97.46
Renewable fraction 0 90.11d
a- Calculated from composition and gross heating
value. c- Calculated by Aspen-Advisor
software. b- Calculated from speciation. d-
Calculated from used cooking oil composition.
10
Materials, Chemical Reagents and Equipment

• These include used vegetable oil, Sodium
  hydroxide, Methanol, Pipette and Pycnometer
  bottle. Others are Electric weighing balance,
  Beaker, Measuring cylinder, Magnetic hot plate
  and Water bath.
• Methanol (manufactured by Aldrich Chemicals
  Co. Ltd, England) having a boiling point of 650C
  and 99.5 purity and sodium hydroxide was used as
  catalyst
• The used groundnut oil was sourced from local
  bean-cake sellers at Bosso market, Minna. Nigeria.

11
Experimental Procedure

• Characterization of used vegetable oil
• Filtration
• Transesterification
• Settling
• Separation
• Characterization of Biodiesel produced

12
Experimental Procedure

• Characterization of used vegetable oil

Properties Used Vegetable Oil
Acid value 17.391 mgOH/g
FFA 8.70 mg/g
Iodine value 119g
Peroxide value 10
Saponification value 191.388mg/g
Specific gravity 0.912
Refractive index 1.463
13
Filtration

• The used vegetable oil collected from the
  bean-cake fryers was first properly filtered
  using a filter paper and transferred into a clean
  beaker so as to remove completely every food
  particle present in the oil and obtain a very
  clean, clear and particle free oil which will
  guarantee a good and acceptable result.

14
Transesterification Process

• Three samples of the used vegetable oil were
  put in three different beakers to produce the
  biodiesel at varying temperature, time and
  quantity of catalyst

15
Sample 1

• 1.0g of NaoH crystals was put into a beaker
  and 100ml of methanol was used to dissolve the
  NaoH crystals by heating it on a magnetic hot
  plate with a magnetic stirrer inside the mixture
  to obtain a meth oxide solution.
• 100ml of the used vegetable oil was measured,
  poured into a separate beaker was purified by
  heating in a water bath at a temperature of 45 0C
  for 60 minutes.
• 25ml of the meth oxide solution was then
  mixed with the 100ml of purified oil and the
  mixture was heated for 30 minutes on the magnetic
  hot plate with a magnetic stirrer inside the
  mixture.

16
Sample 2

• 1.5g of NaoH crystals was put into a beaker and
  100ml of methanol was used to dissolve the NaoH
  crystals by heating it on a magnetic hot plate
  with a magnetic stirrer inside the mixture to
  obtain a meth oxide solution.
• 100ml of the used vegetable oil was measured,
  poured into a separate beaker was purified by
  heating in a water bath at a temperature of 65 0C
  for 90 minutes to remove the free fatty acid
  content which may alter the result.
• 25ml of the meth oxide solution was then mixed
  with the 100ml of purified oil and the mixture
  was heated for 30 minutes on the magnetic hot
  plate with a magnetic stirrer inside the mixture.

17
Sample 3

• 2.0g of NaOH crystals was put into a beaker
  and 100ml of methanol was used to dissolve the
  NaOH crystals by heating it on a magnetic hot
  plate with a magnetic stirrer inside the mixture
  to obtain a meth oxide solution.
• 100ml of the used vegetable oil was measured
  and poured into a separate beaker and was
  purified by heating in a water bath at a
  temperature of 70 0C for 120 minutes remove the
  free fatty acid content which may alter the
  result.
• 25ml of the meth oxide solution was then
  mixed with the 100ml of purified oil and the
  mixture was heated for 30 minutes on the magnetic
  hot plate with a magnetic stirrer inside the
  mixture

18
Settling

• The resulting samples were kept in desiccators
  for 48 hours to allow for separation of the
  biodiesel from glycerine after which the
  biodiesel gotten was separated by a decantation
  process and was washed with water and heated to
  obtain pure biodiesel.

19
Characterisation of the Biodiesel Produced

• The biodiesel produced was characterized based on
  the following parameters
• Specific Gravity by Hydrometer Method (ASTM
  D1298)
• Flash Point by Pensky-Martens Closed Cup Tester
  (ASTM D 93)
• Cloud point (ASTM D 2500)
• Kinematic viscosity (ASTM D 445)
• Pour point (ASTM D 97)
• Cetane Number of Diesel Fuel Oil ASTM D 613
• Acid Number of Petroleum Products by Titration
  ASTM D 664

20
Results and Discussion
Table 4. Biodiesel produced and its yield
Quantity of oil (ml) Quantity of catalyst (g) Temp. (0C) Time (Minutes) Biodiesel Produced (ml) Glycerine Produced (ml)
Sample 1 100 0.5 45 60 58 19
Sample 2 100 1.5 65 90 79 19
Sample 3 100 2.0 70 120 70 25
21
Table 5. Characterization of Biodiesel produced
(Sample 1)
TEST UNIT TEST METHOD TEST METHOD LIMIT RESULT
IP ASTM
Specific gravity kg/l 160 D1298 0.95 max. 0.88
Total sulphur wt 107 D4294 0.5 max. 0.006
Flash point 0C 54 D93 150 min. ND
Pour point 0C 219 D97 70 max. ND
Kinematic viscosity c.s.t 71 D445 26 max. 4.65
Diesel index 0C 21 - 47 min. 18.0
Cetane number - D975 40 min. 52.5
Free Glycerine mass - - 0.02 0.019
Total Glycerine mass - - 0.24 0.17
Cloud point 0C 219 D2600 40 max. 20
Water by Distillation vol. 53 D95 0.5 max. Trace
Acid value mgKOH/g 65 D108 0.5 max. 0.43
22
Table 6. Characterization of Biodiesel produced
(Sample 2)
TEST UNIT TEST METHOD TEST METHOD LIMIT RESULT
IP ASTM
Specific gravity kg/l 160 D1298 0.95 max. 0.89
Total sulphur wt 107 D4294 0.5 max. 0.006
Flash point 0C 54 D93 150 min. ND
Pour point 0C 219 D97 70 max. ND
Kinematic viscosity c.s.t 71 D445 26 max. 4.65
Diesel index 0C 21 - 47 min. 19.0
Cetane number - D975 40 min. 53.5
Free Glycerine mass - - 0.02 0.019
Total Glycerine mass - - 0.24 0.18
Cloud point 0C 219 D2600 40 max. 20
Water by Distillation vol. 53 D95 0.5 max. Trace
Acid value mgKOH/g 65 D108 0.5 max. 0.46
23
Table 7. Characterization of Biodiesel produced
(Sample 3)
TEST UNIT TEST METHOD TEST METHOD LIMIT RESULT
IP ASTM
Specific gravity kg/l 160 D1298 0.95 max. 0.88
Total sulphur wt 107 D4294 0.5 max. 0.006
Flash point 0C 54 D93 150 min. ND
Pour point 0C 219 D97 70 max. ND
Kinematic viscosity c.s.t 71 D445 26 max. 4.65
Diesel index 0C 21 - 47 min. 19.0
Cetane number - D975 40 min. 53.1
Free Glycerine mass - - 0.02 0.019
Total Glycerine mass - - 0.24 0.17
Cloud point 0C 219 D2600 40 max. 20
Water by Distillation vol. 53 D95 0.5 max. Trace
Acid value mgKOH/g 65 D108 0.5 max. 0.45
24
Effect of Catalyst concentration on purity

• The purity of the biodiesel obtained from
  sample 1 did not conform to the acceptable
  standard because the viscosity of the diesel,
  cetane rating among other properties is below the
  recommended value and this could lead to
  excessive use of the diesel by automobiles and
  smoky exhaust.

25
Effect of Catalyst Concentration on Yield

• The yield of the first sample was the
  smallest of the three. The second sample produced
  more biodiesel because of the reaction ratio of
  the oil sample to the catalyst.
• From this, It can be deduced that a biodiesel
  produced using this ratio will yield more product
  and less glycerine.

26
Effect of Reaction Time on Purity

• The reaction time of 90 minutes produced the
  biodiesel that is in its purest state than the
  other two at 60 minutes and 120 minutes.
• This implies that at a either lower reaction
  or higher reaction time than 90 minutes, the
  biodiesel produced may likely be of low quality
  as well as contain some form of impurities.
• This can be checked by ensuring that diesel
  produced at acceptable reaction ratio is allowed
  to completely react at corresponding time, which
  will enhance the purity of the diesel produced.

27
Effect of Reaction Time on Yield

• The result obtained shows that the highest
  quantity of biodiesel produced was at a reaction
  time of 90 minutes.
• This implies that the biodiesel produced at 60
  minutes and 120 minutes have lower yield and
  which suggest that with a reaction time of 90
  minutes, the second sample produced more
  biodiesel with good combustion properties and
  less glycerine than the other two.

28
Conclusion

• High yield of quality biodiesel can be produced
  using used vegetable oil as feedstock with a good
  reaction ratio, appropriate concentration of
  catalyst, temperature and time of heating.

29
Recommendations

• The use of renewable energy should be encouraged
  due to its environmental friendly nature and
  reduce over-dependence on energy from fossil
  fuel.
• In further research work, the free fatty acid
  present in the used vegetable oil should be
  removed so as to obtain a higher yield of
  biodiesel as its presence affects the yield of
  biodiesel.