Problem Identification and Hypothesis Formation ? - PowerPoint PPT Presentation

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Problem Identification and Hypothesis Formation ?

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Problem Identification and Hypothesis Formation Chapter 4 Back to Brief Contents Sources of Research Ideas Gender Bias in Research Ideas – PowerPoint PPT presentation

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Title: Problem Identification and Hypothesis Formation ?


1
Problem Identification and Hypothesis Formation ?
Chapter 4
?Back to Brief Contents
  • Sources of Research Ideas ?
  • Gender Bias in Research Ideas
  • Ideas Not Capable of Scientific Investigation
  • Review of the Literature ?
  • Feasibility of the Study ?
  • Formulating the Research Problem ?
  • Formulating Hypotheses ?

2
4.1 Sources of Research Ideas
?Back to Chapter Contents
  • Everyday Life
  • Practical Issues
  • Hypnosis ? eyewitness Fig 4.1
  • Drug abuse
  • Past Research ?
  • Theory ?
  • Many other sources

3
4.1.3 Past Research
?Back to Chapter Contents
  • Experimental design Control
  • Explanation of the data
  • Alternative explanations (EV)
  • Implication of the results
  • Alternative explanations (Mechanism,
    Theory)
  • Further research
  • Issue
  • ??????????????????

gtgt 4.1
4
4.1.4 Theory
?Back to Chapter Contents
  • Definition
  • A group of logically organized and
    deductively related laws (Marx, 1963)
  • Function
  • Goal summarize and integrate existing knowledge
  • Tool guide research

gtgt 4.1
5
4.4 Review of the Literature -1
?Back to Chapter Contents
  • Purpose of the literature review
  • Identify if the topic has been researched
  • Provide design ideas
  • Identify methodological problems
  • Identify special needs
  • Provide information for the research report

6
4.4 Review of the Literature -2
?Back to Chapter Contents
  • Getting Started
  • Know how to use the library
  • Narrow down the topic area
  • Defining Objectives

7
4.4 Review of the Literature -3
?Back to Chapter Contents
  • Doing the Search
  • Books
  • Psychological Journals (Psychological Abstracts)
  • Computerized or Electronic Databases
  • PsycINFO Tab 4.1 Others Tab 4.3
  • Search (Keyword) ? Abstract (Exhibit 4.2 p.108)
  • ? Full article
  • Guide for reading journal articles Tab 4.2

8
4.4 Review of the Literature -4 (end)
?Back to Chapter Contents
  • Doing the Search
  • Internet Resources
  • E-mail
  • Listserv discussion groups
  • World Wide Web Tab 4.4 Tab 4.5
  • Obtaining Resources
  • obtain a copy full-text electronic copy PubMed
  • Additional Information Sources
  • Professional meetings Tab 4.6
  • Contact with individual researchers

9
4.5 Feasibility of the Study
?Back to Chapter Contents
  • Time
  • Type of research participants
  • Expense
  • Expertise of the experimenter
  • Ethical sensitivity

10
4.6 Formulating the Research Problem
?Back to Chapter Contents
  • ??
  • 1. Defining a Research Problem
  • 2. Specificity of the Question

11
4.6.0 Formulating the Research Problem
?Back to Chapter Contents
  • ????
  • 1. ????????? (currently known)
  • 2. ?????????
  • ???
  • ????
  • How collect data
  • By what method
  • (Paradigm ????)

gtgt 4.6
12
4.6.1 Defining a Research Problem
?Back to Chapter Contents
  • Definition of a research problem (Kerlinger,
    1973)
  • An interrogative sentence that asks
  • What relation exists between two or more
    variables?
  • Criteria for good research problems
  • Variables should express a relation
  • Stated in question form
  • Imply possibilities of empirical testing

gtgt 4.6
13
4.6.2 Specificity of the Question
?Back to Chapter Contents
  • ? (a problem, but vague)
  • What effect does the environment have on learning
    ability?
  • Why specify
  • 1. ????????
  • 2. ????????
  • (?) ??????

gtgt 4.6
14
4.7 Formulating Hypothesis -1
?Back to Chapter Contents
  • Definition of Hypothesis
  • The best prediction or a tentative solution to
    a problem
  • Sources
  • Literature review
  • Formulated from theory
  • Criteria
  • Must be capable of being refuted or confirmed

15
4.7 Formulating Hypothesis -2 (end)
?Back to Chapter Contents
  • Scientific hypo. vs. Null hypo.
  • Reject null hypo. ? support scientific
    hypo.
  • If hypo. Not confirmed
  • Hypo. Is false
  • Some Error in conception of hypo.
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