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MUSCLES

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MUSCLES Chapter 8 We are made wise not by the recollection of our past, but the responsibility for our future. George Bernard Shaw MUSCLES CAUSING HIP MOVEMENT ... – PowerPoint PPT presentation

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Title: MUSCLES


1
MUSCLES
  • Chapter 8
  • We are made wise not by the recollection of our
    past, but the responsibility for our future.
  • George Bernard Shaw

2
SMOOTH MUSCLES
  • Smooth Hollow organs, blood vessels, and
    respiratory passages
  • Involuntary
  • Causes wavelike contractions peristalsis
  • Look like a toothpick
  • Uni-nucleate
  • Triggers nerve impulse, hormonal stimulation,
    stretching and more

3
CARDIAC MUSCLES
  • Found only in heart
  • Involuntary
  • Intercalated disc
  • Uni-nucleate
  • Striated
  • Triggers self-excitatory nerves and/or hormones
    influence rate

4
SKELETAL MUSCLE
  • MUSCLE FIBERS ARE CIGAR SHAPED
  • MULTINUCLEATE
  • LARGEST OF MUSCLE FIBER TYPES
  • STRIATED
  • VOLUNTARY
  • MOVES SKELETAL SYSTEM
  • Triggers nerve system

5
MUSCLE FUNCTIONS
  • PRODUCES MOVEMENT
  • SKELETAL WALKING, LIFTING
  • SMOOTH BLOOD FOOD MOVEMENT
  • CARDIAC PUMPS BLOOD
  • MAINTAINS POSTURE
  • STABILIZES JOINTS
  • GENERATES HEAT
  • One neuron all its muscle fibers one motor
    unit

6
MUSCLE COMPOSITION
  • Muscle fiber has cell wall called sarcolemma
  • The sarcolemma is insulated by ENDOMYSIUM
  • Many groups of endomysium wrapped fibers are
    grouped together, wrapped in PERIMYSIUM and
    called a FASCICLE.
  • Many fasicles are wrapped together by EPIMYSIUM
  • EPIMYSIUM COVERS ENTIRE MUSCLE CONTINUES DOWN
    TO MERGE INTO A TENDON OR SPREAD INTO AN
    APONEUROSES

7
NEUROMUSCULAR JUNCTION
  • Impulse from nerve caused a release of
    neurotransmitter (acetylcholine ACh) via
    vesicle to exocytose to synaptic cleft.
  • ACh diffuses across cleft to receptors on muscle
    sarcolemma at the motor end plate.
  • Muscle must be excitable to begin the action
    potential

8
MUSCLE CONTRACTION
  • Must be able to shorten and change its shape
  • The sarcolemma is filled with MYOFIBRILS
    (organelles of the cell)
  • Each MYOFIBRIL has bands, giving it a striped
    look
  • The bands are actin and myosin filaments. They
    are the contractile unit of the sarcomere.

9
FROM SMALLEST TO LARGESTA REVIEW..
  • ACTIN MYOSIN (MICROFILAMENTS) make up a
    sarcomere
  • Many SARCOMERE make a MYOFIBRIL
  • Many myofibrils are in a cell the cell wall is
    called a SARCOLEMMA
  • Sarcolemma are covered by ENDOMYSIUM
  • Several endomysium covered sarcolemma are wrapped
    by PERIMYSIUM to make a FASCICLE

10
CONTINUED
  • Many fasicles are wrapped together by EPIMYSIUM
  • The epimysium wrapped package of fibers is a
    muscle biceps, triceps, spinator
  • EPIMYSIUM merges into a tough cord called a
    TENDON to connect the biceps to its insertion
    site
  • EPIMYSIUM may spread to become an APONEUOSIS
    (SHEET) which attaches the muscle to a bone
    surface.

11
BANDING OF SARCOMERE
  • BARE ZONE NO ACTIN PRESENT AT RELAXATION
  • DARK AREA THICK FILAMENT CALLED MYOSIN
  • THIN FILAMENT CALLED ACTIN

12
HOW A CONTRACTION HAPPENS
  • The presence of ACH at the muscle receptor causes
    a change in polarity. The change in Na and K
    balance causes the ACTION POTENTIAL
  • Once started, the stimulus is unstoppable and
    travels the length of the sarcolemma.
  • The action potential stimulates the sarcoplasmic
    reticulum to RELEASE CALCIUM into the cytoplasm
  • CALCIUM triggers the opening of the myosin
    binding site on the actin filaments by binding
    to tropinin and tropomyosin.

13
You Tube Assistance
  • Nerve at Synapse http//www.bing.com/videos/searc
    h?qActionPotentialAnimationMcGrawHillFormVQ
    FRVPviewdetailmidBD481F1B29FC2BF8421DBD481F1B2
    9FC2BF8421D
  • Muscle

http//www.bing.com/videos/search?qYouTubeMuscle
ContractionFORMRESTABviewdetailmid27DFE0C56
23BB0825B6327DFE0C5623BB0825B63
14
CONTINUED
  • The cross-bridge heads attach to the open site.
  • The attachment and release of cross bridges to
    actin causes a rowing motion of the myosin
    heads pulling the actin filament closer together
    resulting in a contraction.
  • During the muscle contraction, Acetylcholinesteras
    e breaks down ACH to stop the influx of ions
    across the sarcolemma

15
CONTINUED
  • THE CELL RETURNS TO RESTING STATE AS THE SODIUM-
    POTASSIUM PUMP RETURNS THE IONS TO ORIGINAL
    CONCENTRATION
  • What kind of movement is this called?
  • THE ACETYLCHOLINESTERASE HAS NEGATED THE NERVE
    IMPULSE UNTIL THE NEXT NEUROTRANSMITTER RELEASE
    IS ACHIEVED

16
ENERGY FOR CONTRACTIONS
  • MUSCLES STORE VERY LITTLE ATP
  • ITS GONE IN SECONDS!!!
  • NEXT, IT LOOKS FOR CREATINE PHOSPHATE IN MUSCLES
  • TAKES A PHOSPHORUS MOLECULE TO RE-ENERGIZE ADP TO
    ATP
  • USES ALL CP WITHIN 20 SECONDS!!!

17
AEROBIC RESPIRATION
  • OCCURS IN MITOCHONDRIA
  • GLUCOSE BROKEN DOWN INTO H2O CO2 RELEASING
    ENERGY
  • ENERGY CAPTURED AS ATP
  • GET 36 ATP FOR 1 GLUCOSE
  • SLOW NEEDS O2 (FROM MYOGLOBIN) NUTRIENT FUELS
    IN CONTINUOUS FLOW

18
ANAEROBIC GLYCOLYSIS
  • OCCURS IN CYTOSOL
  • GLUCOSE BECOMES PYRUVIC ACID ENERGY
  • 2 ATP FOR 1 GLUCOSE
  • PYRUVIC ACID OXYGEN ENERGY
  • PYRUVIC ACID NO O2 LACTIC ACID
  • FASTER BUT PROMOTES MUSCLE FATIGUE SORENESS

19
MUSCLE FATIGUE
  • FATIGUE UNABLE TO CONTRACT EVEN THOUGH
    STIMULATED
  • CONTRACTION BECOMES WEAKER UNTIL STOPS
  • USUALLY DUE TO O2 DEBT OF PROLONGED MUSCLE
    ACTIVITY
  • CAN HAPPEN TO MARATHON RUNNERS
  • O2 DEBT MUST BE PAID BACK

20
EFFECTS OF EXERCISE ON MUSCLES
  • USE IT OR LOSE IT!!!!!!!
  • EXERCISE INCREASES SIZE, STRENGTH ENDURANCE
  • AEROBIC EXERCISE INCREASED RESISTANCE TO
    FATIGUE, IMPROVES METABOLISM DIGESTION,
    INCREASES COORDINATION, MAKES SKELETON STRONGER,
    LUNGS MORE EFFICIENT, CLEANS FAT DEPOSITS FROM
    BLOOD VESSEL WALLS

21
ISOTONIC CONTRACTIONS
  • SAME TONE OR TENSION
  • BENDING KNEE
  • SMILING
  • MOVEMENT OCCURS

22
ISOMETRIC CONTRACTION
  • SAME MEASUREMENT
  • INCREASES THE TENSION ON THE MUSCLE
  • NO MOVEMENT
  • MUSCLES vs IMMOVABLE OBJECT

23
RESISTANCE EXERCISES
  • BODY BUILDERS USE THIS
  • MAKING MUSCLES CONTRACT WITH AS FORCE AS POSSIBLE
    ENLARGES THE MUSCLE CELL
  • USE ISOTONIC FOR HEALTH
  • USE ISOMETRIC FOR DEFINITION OF MUSCLES

24
MUSCLE TONE
  • SOME MUSCLE FIBERS ARE ALWAYS CONTRACTING EVEN
    WHEN WE ARE RELAXED
  • MAKES MUSCLE FEEL FIRM
  • CONTINUOUS PARTIAL CONTRACTIONS MUSCLE TONE

25
MOVEMENT NAMES
  • FLEXION DECREASE ANGLE OF JOINT
  • EXTENSION ENLARGES ANGLE
  • ROTATION MOVING BONE AROUND LONGITUDINAL AXIS
  • ABDUCTION AWAY FROM MIDLINE
  • ADDUCTION TOWARD MIDLINE
  • CIRCUMDUCTION PROXIMAL END IT STABLE, DISTAL
    END MOVES IN A CIRCLE

26
SPECIAL MOVEMENTS
  • DORSIFLEXION STAND ON HEELS
  • PLANTAR FLEXION POINT TOES
  • INVERSION TURN SOLE MEDIALLY
  • EVERSION TURN SOLE LATERALLY
  • SUPINATION PALM FACES ANTERIORLY
  • PRONATION PALM FACES DORSALLY
  • OPPOSITION THUMBS TO FINGER TIPS

27
INTERACTIONS of MUSCLES
  • PRIME MOVER MAJOR MUSCLE CAUSING MOVEMENT
  • ANTAGONIST- REVERSES MOVEMENT OF PRIME MOVER
  • SYNERGISTS HELPS PRIME MOVER OR STABILIZES
    JOINT
  • FIXATORS STABILIZE ORIGIN OF PRIME MOVER OR
    HOLDS BONE STILL

28
NAMING MUSCLES
  • DIRECTION OF THE FIBERS
  • SIZE OF MUSCLE
  • LOCATION
  • NUMBER OF ORIGINS
  • SHAPE
  • ACTION
  • LOCATION OF ORIGIN INSERTION

29
ARRANGEMENT OF FASCICLES
  • CIRCULAR SPHINCTERS
  • CONVERGENT MEET IN ONE SPOT
  • PARALLEL EVEN TO LONG AXIS
  • FUSIFORM LIKE PARALLEL WITH WIDE CENTER
  • PENNATE- FEATHERLIKE PATTERN, ENTERS THE TENDON
  • UNIPENNATE, BIPENNATE, MULTIPENNATE

30
FACIAL MUSCLES
  • FRONTALIS
  • ORBICULARIS OCULI
  • ORBICULARIS ORIS
  • BUCCINATOR
  • ZYGOMATICUS
  • CHEWING MUSCLES
  • MASSETER
  • TEMPORALIS

31
NECK MUSCLES
  • PLATYSMA SHEET OF MUSCLE FROM CHEST TO
    MANDIBLE- PULLS CORNER OF MOUTH DOWN SAG
  • STERNOCLEIDOMASTOID COME FROM STERNUM AND
    CLAVICLE TO INSERT ON MASTOID

32
ANTERIOR TRUNK MUSCLES
  • PECTORALIS MAJOR
  • INTERCOSTALS
  • ABDOMINAL GIRDLE
  • RECTUS ABDOMINUS STRAIGHT FROM PUBIS TO RIB
    CAGE
  • EXTERNAL OBLIQUE SIDES TO CENTER DOWNWARD
  • INTERNAL OBLIQUE SIDES TO CENTER UP
  • TRANSVERSE ABDOMINUS LOWER RIBS AND ILIAC CREST
    ACROSS ABDOMEN

33
POSTERIOR MUSCLES
  • TRAPEZIUS TRIANGULAR IN UPPER BACK
  • LATISSIMUS DORSI LOWER BACK
  • ERECTOR SPINAE ALONG SPINE
  • DELTOID TRIANGULAR IN SHOULDER/ UPPER ARM

34
MUSCLES CAUSING HIP MOVEMENT
  • GLUTEUS MAXIMUS FORMS BUTTOCKS, HIP EXTENSOR
  • GLUTEUS MEDIUS HIP ABDUCTOR, STEADIES PELVIS
    DURING WALKING
  • ILIOSPOAS HIP FLEXOR, PREVENTS HYPEREXTENSION
  • ADDUCTOR MUSCLE ADDUCT HIP

35
MUSCLES KNEE JOINTS
  • HAMSTRING GROUP POSTERIOR THIGH, HAVE LARGE
    TENDON BY KNEE
  • SARTORIUS - WEAK THIGH FLEXOR SYNERGISTICS TO
    SIT LIKE AN INDIAN
  • QUADRICEPS
  • RECTUS FEMORIS EXTENDS KNEE FLEX HIP
  • 3 VASTUS MUSCLES HELP EXTEND KNEE

36
MUSCLES AND ANKLE/ FOOT
  • GASTROCNEMIUS IS MOST IDENTIFIABLE AS THE CALF
    MUSCLE
  • CAUSES PLANTAR FLEXION OF FOOT AND FLEXES THE KNEE

37
DEVELOPMENTAL ASPECTS OF MUSCLES
  • MUSCULAR DYSTROPHY MUSCLES ENLARGE DUE TO FAT
    CONNECTIVE TISSUE DEPOSITS BUT THE MUSCLE FIBERS
    ARE DEGENERATING
  • DUSCHENNES MD DX BY AGE 2-6
  • W/C BY 10 -12
  • DEATH IN YOUNG ADULTHOOD

38
CONTINUED
  • MYASTHENIA GRAVIS A SHORTAGE OF ACH RECEPTORS
    AT NEURO- MUSCULAR JUNCTION DUE TO ANTIBODIES AT
    RECEPTOR SITES. MUSCLE CELLS HAVE POOR
    STIMULATION WEAKEN. DEATH RESULTS FROM
    RESPIRATORY FAILURE.

39
AGING
  • LOSE MUSCLE MASS AND STRENGTH AS WE AGE UNLESS WE
    EXERCISE TO KEEP FIRM
  • LOSE 50 OF STRENGTH BY AGE 80

40
DISORDERS OF ASSOCIATED STRUCTURES
  • BURSITIS
  • TENDONITIS
  • BUNIONS
  • TENOSYNOVITIS
  • SHINSPLINTS
  • CARPAL TUNNEL SYNDROME

41
MEDICAL TERMINOLOGY
  • PLEASE KNOW THE TERMS ON PAGES 181 AND 182
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