The Great War, The War to End All Wars, World War I

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The Great War,The War to End All Wars, World War
I

• Causes, Battles, Life at Home, and the
  Consequences of War

https//www.youtube.com/watch?vXRcg_t2oJkc
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Marching Toward War

• The long-term causes of World War I
• M militarism
• A alliances
• I imperialism
• N nationalism
• Immediate cause of war
• Crisis in the Balkans
• Assassination of Archduke Franz Ferdinand

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Militarism

• Having a large and strong standing army
• Generals developed detailed plans for mobilization

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Alliances

• Designed to keep peace, but instead it would push
  the continent to war
• Triple Alliance
• Germany, Austria-Hungary, and Italy
• Triple Entente
• Great Britain
• Russia
• France

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https//vimeo.com/79745051
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EUROPE IN 1914
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Imperialism

• Quest for colonies fueled competition
• Sense of rivalry and mistrust deepened

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Nationalism

• Caused intense competition among nations
• Germany, Austria-Hungary, Great Britain, Russia,
  Italy, and France
• Balkan Region
• Russia and Austria-Hungary both wanted to
  dominate the region
• Intense nationalism of Serbs, Bulgarians,
  Romanians, and other ethnic groups led to demands
  for independence

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Crisis in the Balkans

• Powder keg of Europe
• Nationalism caused many nations to want to expand
  its borders
• 1908, Austria annexed Bosnia and Herzegovina
• Area had a large Slavic population
• Serbia south to rule these provinces (similar
  ethnicity)
• June 28, 1918 Archduke Franz Ferdinand and his
  wife are assassinated

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https//www.youtube.com/watch?vBCTIaiiGB4o
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Shot Rings Throughout Europe

• The assassin was
• a Serbian
• Austria presented
• Serbia with an
• ultimatum
• Serbia agreed to
• most of the demands, but not all of them
• Austria then declares war on Serbia
• Russia, an ally of Serbia, declares war on
  Austria
• Germany declared war on Russia
• Then, Germany declared war on France

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And so, the Great War begins

• Central Powers (Germany, Austria-Hungary, and the
  Ottoman Empire)
• Allied Powers (France, Great Britain, Russia,
  Japan, Italy)
• Why does Italy stand out?
• War started late summer
• Everyone expected to be home by Christmas
• Millions of soldiers enlisted

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World War I Posters
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Now its your turn, create your own military
poster

• Create a military poster to persuade others to
  join the war effort
• Your poster can be from the perspective of any
  warring nations
• Be creative and have fun the activity
• This is 2 of your portfolio so use this time to
  complete this part.

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A Bloody Stalemate

• Schlieffen Plan
• Germany military plan
• Attack France in the west and quickly defeat
  them. Why?
• Then, attack Russia
• Trying to avoid a two-front war
• Did not go as planned- Battle of the Marne
• Stalemate ensued in the west
• Trench warfare
• ..\Unit 12\Realities_of_War__The_Trenches__Weapons
  __and_Death.asf

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The Schlieffen Plan
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Trench Warfare
https//www.youtube.com/watch?vBq7KrXffLIo
https//www.youtube.com/watch?v8FFOXJPlci4
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WW1- Hell in the Trenches! YouTubehttps//www.
youtube.com/watch?vAoEHd1RNlI4
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Changes in Technology

• Poison gas
• Machine Gun
• Tank
• Submarine
• All this new technology did was kill greater
  numbers of people

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POP QUIZ

1. Give the word for each letter of the MAIN causes
   of WW1.
2. Whose assassination sparked WW1?
3. What battle stopped the Schlieffen plan attack on
   France?
4. What was the last major defeat of the
   Russians-that turned the tide on the Eastern
   Front?
5. What type of warfare was used on the Western
   Front as seen in the movie?

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Eastern Front

• More mobile
• Battle on Tannenberg
• Germans crushed Russians
• 30,000 Russians died
• German controlled or won most battles
• By 1916, Russias war effort was near collapse
• Not industrialized-always short on supplies
• One asset soldiers
• Germany could not defeat and focus on west
• The Battle Of Tannenberg (WWI) - YouTube

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Second Battle of Ypres

• April 1915
• Western Front
• Began to divert Allied attention from the Eastern
  Front AND to test chlorine gas
• Gas affected 10,000 troops
• Within ten minutes half of the troops had died
• 2,000 were captured
• Little land was gained, now poison gas was used
• Canada and the Battle of Ypres YouTube

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Battle of Verdun

• Lasted from February to December 1916
• German attack to weaken the French(historic-import
  ant site)
• Considered by many military historians as the
  'greatest' and most demanding battle in history
• Well over 1.5 million soldiers killed and wounded
• The outcome?
• The front lines were about the same as the day it
  started.
• Verdun- Shell Shock - YouTube

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Battle of Somme

• Was a British attempt to relieve pressure at
  Verdun. North of Verdun
• Lasted five months
• Symbolized the horrors of warfare
• High causalities
• 420,000 British
• 200,000 French
• 500,000 Germans

• https//www.youtube.com/watch?vowLn_S0zaBo

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• Gallipoli
• Allied plan to gain control of waterways to Black
  Sea to be able to supply Russia
• Disastrous for the Allies. German and Turkish
  soldiers hold them off for most of 1915.
• Africa/Asia
• Japan took over many German colonies in
  Asia/Pacific
• English/French took over 3 African colonies

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The Home Front

• War affected
• EVERYONE!! (Total War)
• Rationing
• War bonds
• Government takes over
• economy
• News was censored
• Propaganda
• Women began to
• enter work force

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Propaganda

• Ideas, facts, or allegations spread deliberately
  to further one's cause or to damage an opposing
  cause
• Glorify your nation
• Make your enemy appear evil, almost frightening

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End of World War I

• Russia withdraws
• Revolution broke out under Lenin

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End of World War I

• United States joins Allied Powers
• Germany was practicing unrestricted submarine
  warfare
• Sinking of the Lusitania
• Zimmerman Note
• Bring fresh troops

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End of World War I

• Allies win
• Signed armistice on November 11, 1918
• Both sides lost many men and women
• Devastating impact on economies

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Allied Power Losses
World War One had left Europe devastated. Those
countries that had fought in it, had suffered
casualties never experienced before Britain  
750,000 soldiers killed 1,500,000
wounded France 1,400,000 soldiers killed
2,500,000 wounded Belgium 50,000 soldiers
killed Italy 600,000 soldiers killed Russia
1,700,000 soldiers killed America 116,000
soldiers killed
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Central Power Losses

• Those who had fought against the Allies suffered
  heavy casualties as well
• Germany 2,000,000 soldiers killed
• Austria-Hungary 1,200,000 soldiers killed
• Turkey 325,000 soldiers killed
• Bulgaria 100,000 soldiers killed
• The total deaths of all nations who fought in the
  war is thought to have been 8.5 million with 21
  million being wounded.

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Other Effects of War

• Alongside these statistics, was the fact that
  vast areas of north-eastern Europe had been
  reduced to rubble. Flanders in Belgium had been
  all but destroyed with the ancient city of Ypres
  being devastated. The homes of 750,000 French
  people were destroyed and the infrastructure of
  this region had also been severely damaged.
  Roads, coal mines, telegraph poles had all been
  destroyed and such a loss greatly hindered the
  area's ability to function normally.
• The victors from World War One were in no mood to
  be charitable to the defeated nations and Germany
  in particular was held responsible for the war
  and its consequences.
• During mid-1918, Europe was hit by Spanish flu
  and an estimated 25 million people died. This
  added to the feeling of bitterness that ran
  through Europe and this anger was primarily
  directed at Germany.

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Creating the Treaty of Versailles

• Big Four
• Woodrow Wilson, Georges Clemenceau, David Lloyd
  George, and Vittorio Orlando
• Wilsons Fourteen Points
• End secret treaties
• Freedom of seas and trade
• Reduce national armies
• Association of nations that would protect great
  and small states alike
• Changing borders/creating new countries

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Treaty of Versailles

• Paris Peace Conference
• France and Britain opposed Wilsons Fourteen
  Points
• Signed Treaty of Versailles
• Created a League of Nations
• United States does not join
• Treaty punished Germany
• War-Guilt Clause
• Sole blame on Germany
• Germany forced to pay reparations

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The treaty can be divided into a number of
sections territorial, military, financial and
general.

• Territorial
• The following land was taken away from Germany
• Alsace-Lorraine (given to France)
• Eupen and Malmedy (given to Belgium)
• Northern Schleswig (given to Denmark)
• Hultschin (given to Czechoslovakia)
• West Prussia, Posen and Upper Silesia (given to
  Poland)
• The Saar, Danzig and Memel were put under the
  control of the League of Nations and the people
  of these regions would be allowed to vote to stay
  in Germany or not in a future referendum.
• The League of Nations also took control of
  Germany's overseas colonies.Germany had to
  return to Russia land taken in the Treaty of
  Brest-Litovsk. Some of this land was made into
  new states Estonia, Lithuania and Latvia. An
  enlarged Poland also received some of this land.

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Military

• Germanys army was reduced to 100,000 men the
  army was not allowed tanks
• She was not allowed an airforce
• She was allowed only 6 capital naval ships and no
  submarines
• The west of the Rhineland and 50 kms east of the
  River Rhine was made into a demilitarised zone
  (DMZ). No German soldier or weapon was allowed
  into this zone.
• The Allies were to keep an army of occupation on
  the west bank of the Rhine for 15 years.

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Financial

• The loss of vital industrial territory would be a
  severe blow to any attempts by Germany to rebuild
  her economy. Coal from the Saar and Upper Silesia
  in particular was a vital economic loss. Combined
  with the financial penalties linked to
  reparations, it seemed clear to Germany that the
  Allies wanted nothing else but to bankrupt her.
• Germany was also forbidden to unite with Austria
  to form one superstate, in an attempt to keep her
  economic potential to a minimum.

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General

• There are three vital clauses here
• 1. Germany had to admit full responsibility for
  starting the war. This was Clause 231 - the
  infamous "War Guilt Clause".
• 2. Germany, as she was responsible for starting
  the war as stated in clause 231, was, therefore
  responsible for all the war damage caused by the
  First World War. Therefore, she had to pay
  reparations, the bulk of which would go to France
  and Belgium to pay for the damage done to the
  infrastructure of both countries by the war.
  Reparations would be used to pay for the damage
  to be repaired. Payment could be in kind or cash.
  The figure was not set at Versailles - it was to
  be determined later. The Germans were told to
  write a blank check which the Allies would cash
  when it suited them. A huge sum of money well
  beyond Germanys ability to pay.        
• 3. A League of Nations was set up to keep world
  peace. 

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A Troubled Treaty

• What problems do you see with this treaty?
• Central Powers lose a lot of land
• U.S. rejected treaty
• War-guilt clause left a legacy of bitterness
• Colonies in Africa and Asia are angry
• Japan and Italy do not gain more land

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• German postcard, produced about the time of the
  Treaty of Versailles, showing the land where
  Germans lived.   The areas in red are the lands
  given to other countries by the Treaty of
  Versailles,( including the land lost by
  Austria).      
• Its title is 'Lost but not forgotten land'.
• The poem under the map reads
• You must carve in your heart
• These words, as in stone -
• What we have lost
• Will be regained!