PY%20101%20Semester%20Review

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PY 101SemesterReview
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Psychological Perspectives on Human Behavior

• Examination of human behavior and experience from
  a psychological perspective.
• Application of psychological principles to
  understanding human behavior. (3 hrs)

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History Roots

• Wilhelm Wundt
• Edward Titchener
• William James
• John Watson
• B. F. Skinner
• Sigmund Freud
• The Gestaltists
• The Humanists

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Sigmund Freud

• Founded psychoanalysis, focused on unconscious
  thoughts in determining behavior.

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Freudian Theory

• Personality components
• Id Concerned with drive satisfaction, provides
  the motive power follows the pleasure principle
  (the horse)
• Ego Rational thought controls channels id
  follows the reality principle (the rider)
• Superego Oversees balance between ego id
  internalized parental control much like a
  conscience

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According to Freuds theory, People are born into
the world with which of these?

• ID
• EGO
• Superego
• Collective Unconscious

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According to Freuds theory, People are born into
the world with which of these?

• ID
• EGO
• Superego
• Collective Unconscious

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Carl Jung

• Personality Theory
• Ego
• Personal Unconscious Like a combination of
  Freud's preconscious and unconscious
• Collective Unconscious Inherited tendencies to
  respond in a particular way (archetypes) shared
  by all humans

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Alfred Adler

• Humans motivated by the need to overcome
  inferiority and strive for significance
• Inferiority Complex Adler's term for feelings of
  inferiority that interfere with development

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Karen Horney

• Stressed need for safety satisfaction
• Childhood frustration may lead to development of
  basic anxiety neurosis

Tyranny of the Should Horney's term for focusing
on an unrealistic, perfect self-image that leads
to dissatisfaction
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Which of the following theorists would be most
likely to attribute psychological problems to the
unconscious?

• A. FreudB. PavlovC. BreuerD. Skinner

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Which of the following theorists would be most
likely to attribute psychological problems to the
unconscious?

• FreudB. PavlovC. BreuerD. Skinner

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Which of the following theorists would be most
likely to attribute human motivation to striving
for superiority?

• A. FreudB. PavlovC. BreuerD. Adler

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Which of the following theorists would be most
likely to attribute human motivation to striving
for superiority?

• A. FreudB. PavlovC. BreuerD. Adler

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Research

• Search for Respect
• Scientific methods

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Science Proof

• A deduction is proven if the general premise is
  true and the logic is valid.

• An induction goes beyond the known data, and thus
  can never be proven.

Science, then does not prove things, because all
information about the outside observable world is
inductive.
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Research methods

• Naturalistic Observation
• Laboratory Observation
• Case Studies
• Surveys
• Experiments
• Experiments of Nature

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Correlation
The Correlation Co-efficient
HIGHER
Low
High
-1
0
1
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Whitney realized that the less time she spent
partying, the better her grades were. This would
be a(n) ________ correlation.

• A. interestingB. zeroC. positiveD. negative

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Whitney realized that the less time she spent
partying, the better her grades were. This would
be a(n) ________ correlation.

• A. interestingB. zeroC. positiveD. negative

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Experiments

• Involve random assignment and controlled
  manipulation
• Causal claims possible
• Independent variables manipulated by E
• Dependent variables supposedly affected by
  independent variables
• Experimental groups get the different values of
  the independent variables. Control groups do
  not.

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Dr. Tyler provides relaxation training to half of
the Pauline tennis team prior to the national
Championships. After the matches she compares the
points the athletes were assigned for their
performances. In this study, the points are the

• A. variable.B. independent variable.C.
  dependent variable.D. operationalized factor.

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Dr. Tyler provides relaxation training to half of
the Pauline tennis team prior to the national
Championships. After the matches she compares the
points the athletes were assigned for their
performances. In this study, the points are the

• A. variable.B. independent variable.C.
  dependent variable.D. operationalized factor.

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Biology

• Neurotransmitters
• Brain Functioning
• Balances

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The Neuron
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Neurotransmitters

• Acetylcholine important for learning, memory,
  muscle movement
• Serotonin influences mood and regulates food
  intake
• Dopamine important to movement and to frontal
  lobe activity
• GABA important in inhibiting neural activity
• Norepinephrine maintains alertness wakefulness
• Endorphins regulate firing of pain neurons

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Synapse

• Tiny gap between an axon terminal another
  neuron (or specialized cell).
• Firing neurons release neurotransmitters that
  cross the synapse.

• Synaptic Vesicles
• Hold the neurotransmitter.
• Neural firing drives them to the synapse, where
  they release their chemicals.

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Chemical compounds that facilitate sending
signals from one neuron to another are called

• A. axons.B. dendrites.C. neurotransmitters.D.
  synapses.

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Chemical compounds that facilitate sending
signals from one neuron to another are called

• A. axons.B. dendrites.C. neurotransmitters.D.
  synapses.

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Human Development

• Child
• Adolescent
• Adult

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Piagets Theory

• Assimilation
• Fitting new objects, events, etc. into an
  existing schema
• Accommodation
• Modifying a schema to fit new events, objects,
  etc.

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Piagets Stages

• Sensorimotor (0-2 years)
• Preoperations (2-7 years)
• Concrete Operations (7-12 years)
• Formal Operations (12 and up)

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Adolescent Cognition

• Grasp theoretical math
• Understand religious political philosophy
• Decipher metaphors analogies.

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Imaginary Audience

• The strong focus on self leads adolescents to
  feel that everyone else is focused on them as well

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Personal Fable

• Adolescents assume their thoughts and feelings
  are unique (no one has ever loved so deeply, etc.)

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During the sensorimotor stage of cognitive
development of Piaget's theory

• A. the child becomes adept at using words,
  images, and symbols to represent the world.B.
  infants and toddlers rely on their sensory and
  motor skills to acquire practical knowledge about
  the world.C. the child acquires the principle of
  conservation.D. the child uses logic to
  systematically solve problems.

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During the sensorimotor stage of cognitive
development of Piaget's theory

• A. the child becomes adept at using words,
  images, and symbols to represent the world.B.
  infants and toddlers rely on their sensory and
  motor skills to acquire practical knowledge about
  the world.C. the child acquires the principle of
  conservation.D. the child uses logic to
  systematically solve problems.

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Ericksons Stages

• Stage Age
• Trust vs. Mistrust 0-1
• Autonomy vs. Shame Doubt 1-3
• Initiative vs. Guilt 3-6
• Industry vs. Inferiority 6-Puberty
• Identity vs. Role Confusion Adolescence
• Intimacy vs. Isolation Young Adult
• Generativity vs. Stagnation Middle-Age
• Integrity vs. Despair Old Age

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Life Course in Women

• 1) No children phase
• 2) Starting a family-preschool phase
• 3) School-age phase
• 4) Adolescent phase
• 5) Launching phase
• 6) Postparental phase

(Reinke, Ellicott, Harris, 1985)
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Later Adulthood

• Some physical and sensory decline is common
• Exercise slows physical decline dramatically
• Continued sexual activity common among those over
  80

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Intelligence Aging

• Intellectual abilities peak in the mid-40's
• Intellectual decline generally doesn't set in
  until the mid-60's, and is modest until the 80's

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Later Adulthood

• Only 13 of those over 65 are below the poverty
  line
• The majority of people view retirement positively
• Losing a spouse increases both mortality and
  suicide rates

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The Kübler-Ross Stages of Dying

• 1) Denial and Isolation
• 2) Anger
• 3) Bargaining
• 4) Depression
• 5) Acceptance

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In Kohlberg's theory, each level of moral
reasoning is based on the

• A. degree to which a person obeys the law.B.
  degree to which a person avoids morally
  ambivalent situations.C. person's level of
  egocentrism.D. degree to which a person conforms
  to conventional standards in society.

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In Kohlberg's theory, each level of moral
reasoning is based on the

• A. degree to which a person obeys the law.B.
  degree to which a person avoids morally
  ambivalent situations.C. person's level of
  egocentrism.D. degree to which a person conforms
  to conventional standards in society.

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Personality

• Who am I?
• Knowing others and how to interact
• Assessment

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Trait Theories

• Explain differences between people in terms of
  stable personality traits
• Modern day psychologists have found 5 personality
  dimensions that span cultures

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Behaviorist Theory

• Behavior determined by

• Reward
• Punishment
• Classical conditioning

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Social Cognitive Theory

• Bandura's Reciprocal Determinism and
  Self-Efficacy
• Rotter's Locus of Control

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Personality Heredity

• Heritability can be calculated by comparing
  traits of twins reared together and twins reared
  apart

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Assessment

• Observation
• Interviews
• Rating Scales
• Inventories
• Projective Tests

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Problems

• Observations, interviews, rating scales suffer
  from reliability problems the halo effect
• Halo Effect
• Assuming that someone with one favorable trait
  has many others as well

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The MMPI-2

• The most widely-used inventory
• Consists of 567 true-false questions

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The CPI

• An MMPI-like test designed for normal individuals
• The MMPI is more useful for clinical purposes,
  the CPI for normal populations

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Projective Tests

• The Rorschach Inkblot Test
• The Thematic Apperception Test (TAT)

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The Rorschach

• Subject tells what each blot looks like and what
  aspect of the blot triggered that response

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The Rorschach

• Responses scored on use of parts vs. wholes,
  movement, content, use of color
• Criticized for lack of reliability, low validity
  (inability to predict behavior)

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The TAT

• Consists of 19 vague or ambiguous drawings
• Person describes what is happening in each

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Sentence Completion

• A projective test requiring completion of
  open-ended sentences
• May be more reliable than the TAT

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The Rorschach Ink Blot test is

• A subjective personality test
• A projective personality test
• A pencil and paper opinion questionnaire
• An example of invalid tests can be

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The Rorschach Ink Blot test is

• A subjective personality test
• A projective personality test
• A pencil and paper opinion questionnaire
• An example of invalid tests can be

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Stress/Health

• Theories of Stress
• Impact on Health

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Stress

• The physiological psychological response to
  conditions that threaten or challenge

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General Adaptation Syndrome

• Discovered by Hans Selye
• Involves the body's nonspecific response to stress

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General Adaptation Syndrome

• Alarm a threat mobilizes body resistance to
  stress
• Resistance stress resistance reaches its maximum
• Exhaustion The organism's resources for dealing
  with stress are exhausted -- stress resistance
  drops off

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General Adaptation
(Selye, 1956)
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Sources of Stress

• Conflict
• Lack of Control Unpredictability
• Catastrophe Post-Traumatic Stress Disorder

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Coping

• Problem-focused coping attempts to modify,
  reduce, or eliminate the source of stress
• Emotion-focused coping attempts to alter the
  emotional response to the stressor
• Religious belief appears to aid in coping with
  stressful events such as death of a child

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Type A Behavior
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An approach-avoidance conflict is caused by _____.

• A) increasing life demands, hassles, and chronic
  stressors
• B) an inaccurate or exaggerated response to a
  real or perceived threat to a valued relationship
• C) having to choose between two or more
  alternatives, which both have desirable and
  undesirable results
• D) a blocked goal

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An approach-avoidance conflict is caused by _____.

• A) increasing life demands, hassles, and chronic
  stressors
• B) an inaccurate or exaggerated response to a
  real or perceived threat to a valued relationship
• C) having to choose between two or more
  alternatives, which both have desirable and
  undesirable results
• D) a blocked goal

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Disorders

• Anxiety
• Mood
• Psychosis

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Obsession is to ______ as compulsion is to
_______.

• A. behaviors behaviorsB. thoughts thoughtsC.
  behavior thoughtD. thought behavior

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Obsession is to ______ as compulsion is to
_______.

• A. behaviors behaviorsB. thoughts thoughtsC.
  behavior thoughtD. thought behavior

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Anxiety Disorders
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Panic Disorder

• Intense, short-lived, recurring attacks of
  overwhelming anxiety or terror
• May involve the limbic system

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Obsessive Compulsives
Obsessions
Reduce
Compulsions
Anxiety
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Which of these is considered a positive symptom
of schizophrenia?

• Dull affect
• Withdrawn and talking very little
• Delusion

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Which of these is considered a positive symptom
of schizophrenia?

• Delusion

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Schizophrenia

• Positive Symptoms
• Symptoms found in schizophrenics
• Negative Symptoms
• Normal behaviors that are absent in
  schizophrenics

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Positive Symptoms

• Hallucinations (mostly auditory)
• Delusions (delusions of grandeur and persecution
  are most common)
• Speech disturbances (including word salad)
• Disorganized behavior (including silliness,
  weird motor behaviors)
• Inappropriate affect (emotional responses that
  are inappropriate for the circumstances, such as
  crying at comedy shows)

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Negative Symptoms

• Social withdrawal, limited speech and action,
  poor hygiene, apathy
• Flat affect (no emotional response at all)

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Excess Dopamine

• 2/3 of schizophrenics improve when given dopamine
  reducers
• PET scans show excess dopamine activity in
  sufferers
• Drugs that increase dopamine cause schizophrenic
  symptoms
• People taking excessive L-dopa have schizophrenic
  symptoms

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Someone who sees, hears, or feels things that are
not real would be regarded as having

• A. delusionsB. hallucinationsC. depression with
  psychotic featuresD. depression with atypical
  features

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Someone who sees, hears, or feels things that are
not real would be regarded as having

• A. delusionsB. hallucinationsC. depression with
  psychotic featuresD. depression with atypical
  features

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Mood Disorders

• Major Depressive Disorder
• Seasonal Affective Disorder
• Bipolar Disorder

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Seasonal Affective Disorder

• A greater than normal mood fluctuation with the
  seasons
• Related to amount intensity of light

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Bipolar Disorder

• Manic episodes extreme depression mixed with
  normal affect
• Mania involves delusional levels of optimism,
  euphoria, energy
• Equally common in both sexes
• Sufferers make poor decisions while manic,
  withdraw when depressed

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Causes Treatments

• Depression
• low norepinephrine serotonin levels
• Mania
• high norepinephrine levels
• Major Depressive Disorder
• serotonin selective reuptake inhibitors (e.g.
  Prozac)

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Distorted Thinking

• Includes negative views of the world, the future,
  the self
• Tied to poor reality testing, learned helplessness

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Schizophrenia is classified as

• Mood disorder
• Anxiety Disorder
• Psychotic Disorder
• Personality Disorder

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Schizophrenia is classified as

• Mood disorder
• Anxiety Disorder
• Psychotic Disorder
• Personality Disorder

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Therapy

• Putting Theory into Action
• Match Client Needs
• Specific Goals

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Therapy Types

• Insight Therapies
• Behavioral Therapies
• Cognitive Therapies
• Biological Therapies

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Insight Therapies

• Psychodynamics
• Person-centered Therapy
• Gestalt Therapy
• Existential Therapy

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Psychodynamics

• Free association
• Analysis of Resistance
• Dream analysis
• Analysis of Transference

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Person-Centered Therapy

• A Humanistic therapy
• Founded by Rogers
• Uses mirroring unconditional positive regard to
  promote self actualization
• Therapist must genuinely like the client
• Therapist must have empathy for the client

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Humanism

• Only the client can judge if he or she is better
• No way to independently verify success

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• Estella is afraid of cats. To help her overcome
  her fear, her mother calmly pets and strokes a
  cat while Estella is watching. Her mother
  encourages her to imitate her behavior. Estellas
  mother is using_________.
• a) reinforcement
• b) token economy
• c) modeling
• d) extinction

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• Estella is afraid of cats. To help her overcome
  her fear, her mother calmly pets and strokes a
  cat while Estella is watching. Her mother
  encourages her to imitate her behavior. Estellas
  mother is using_________.
• a) reinforcement
• b) token economy
• c) modeling
• d) extinction

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Behavioral Therapy

• Problems arise from failure to learn adaptive
  behavior or learning of maladaptive behavior
• Change through operant and classical conditioning
  techniques

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Cognitive Theory is best explained by

• People learn by reinforced behavior
• People think illogically causing their own
  distress
• People continue to be influenced by their
  childhood conflicts
• People are frustrated because they cannot achieve
  self actualization

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Cognitive Theory is best explained by

• People learn by reinforced behavior
• People think illogically causing their own
  distress
• People continue to be influenced by their
  childhood conflicts
• People are frustrated because they cannot achieve
  self actualization

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Cognitive Therapies

• Rational Emotive Therapy (Ellis)
• Beck's cognitive therapy

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Rational Emotive Therapy

• Attempts to modify the irrational beliefs that
  cause distress
• Confrontational and directive

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Common Irrational Beliefs

• I must be perfect
• Everyone must love me
• The past determines the future
• It is catastrophic when things don't go as planned

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Becks Cognitive Therapy

• Automatic Thoughts Thoughts people have about
  life and the self that may be unreasonable but
  are accepted as accurate
• Automatic thoughts create depression and anxiety
• Goal teach patients to stop the thoughts

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Biological Therapies

• Psychoactive drugs highly successful in reducing
  in-patient population

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Antipsychotic Drugs

• Neuroleptics -- phenothiazine, butyrophenones
• Neuroleptics may cause Tardive dyskinesia
• Clozapine and risperidone
• Clozapine has a risk of producing blood clots

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Antidepressants

• Tricyclics
• Serotonin Selective Reuptake Inhibitors
• SSRIs (Prozac, Anafranil) have fewer side effects
  
• MAO inhibitors
• MAO inhibitors can't be taken with certain foods

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Tranquilizers

• Benzodiazapines (Librium, Valium, Xanax)
• Xanax more effective but somewhat addictive

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Maggie's therapist is using a token economy
technique during therapy. What is the most likely
theoretical perspective of Maggie's therapist?

• A. humanisticB. behavioralC. cognitiveD.
  psychodynamic

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Maggie's therapist is using a token economy
technique during therapy. What is the most likely
theoretical perspective of Maggie's therapist?

• A. humanisticB. behavioralC. cognitiveD.
  psychodynamic

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Cognitive theories address the importance of

• A. thoughts and beliefs.B. observable
  behaviors.C. testable behaviors.D. stimuli and
  responses.

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Cognitive theories address the importance of

• A. thoughts and beliefs.B. observable
  behaviors.C. testable behaviors.D. stimuli and
  responses.

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Psychodynamic is the ________________ as
humanistic is to _______________.

• a. unconscious conflict free will
• b. free will unconscious conflict
• c. repression rewards/punishment
• d. rewards/punishment reprimand

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Psychodynamic is the ________________ as
humanistic is to _______________.

• a. unconscious conflict free will
• b. free will unconscious conflict
• c. repression rewards/punishment
• d. rewards/punishment reprimand

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T H E E N D