Computer Organization and Logic design COS3602

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Computer Organization and Logic designCOS3602
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Architecture Organization 1

• Architecture is those attributes visible to the
  programmer
• Instruction set, number of bits used for data
  representation, I/O mechanisms, addressing
  techniques.
• e.g. Is there a multiply instruction?
• Organization is how features are implemented
• Control signals, interfaces, memory technology.
• e.g. Is there a hardware multiply unit or is it
  done by repeated addition?

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Structure Function

• Structure is the way in which components relate
  to each other
• Function is the operation of individual
  components as part of the structure

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Function

• All computer functions are
• Data processing
• Data storage
• Data movement
• Control

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Functional view

• Functional view of a computer

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Operations (1)

• Data movement
• e.g. keyboard to screen

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Operations (2)

• Storage
• e.g. Internet download to disk

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Operation (3)

• Processing from/to storage
• e.g. updating bank statement

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Operation (4)

• Processing from storage to I/O
• e.g. printing a bank statement

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Structure - Top Level
Computer
Peripherals
Central Processing Unit
Main Memory
Computer
Systems Interconnection
Input Output
Communication lines
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Structure - The CPU
CPU
Arithmetic and Login Unit
Computer
Registers
I/O
CPU
System Bus
Internal CPU Interconnection
Memory
Control Unit
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Structure - The Control Unit
Control Unit
CPU
Sequencing Login
ALU
Control Unit
Internal Bus
Control Unit Registers and Decoders
Registers
Control Memory
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• Computer Architecture is the design of computer ,
  including their instruction sets, hardware
  components, and system organization. The
  computer architecture consists of two parts
• Instruction set architecture (ISA)
• Hardware system architecture (HAS)

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• The instruction set architecture
  ????????????????????? Software/Hardware
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• The instruction set
• The instruction formats
• The available addressing techniques
• The format of the available data types
• The Operational register set and usage

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• The hardware system architecture
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  ??????????????????????????????????????????????
  CPU , Memory , ??? I/O devices ??????? Hardware
  system architecture ??????? logical design ???
  data flow organization ???????????????????????????
  ??????????????????????????????????????
  ??????????????????
• ?????????
• ????????
• ???? ???

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Computational Models

• Two primary computational models
• Von Neumann Model
• System Bus Model
• The Von Neumann Model consists of five major
  subsystems (input, output, control, arithmetic,
  memory)
• The System Bus Model streamlines this into three
  subsystems (CPU, memory, IO)

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Von Neumann Model
Memory Unit
Control Path
Data Path
Arithmetic and Logic Unit (ALU)
Input Unit
Output Unit
Control Unit
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System Bus Model
CPU (ALU, Registers, and Control)
Memory
Input and Output
Data Bus
Address Bus
Control Bus
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Computational Models

• Consider the implications of these alternative
  designs
• Design 1 Central processor with special cabling
  to specialized devices
• Design 2 Multi-bus with common parsing of data
  and control packets for device-ids

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Introduction to Computer Architecture

• History
• Computational Models
• gtgt Levels of the Machine
• Computer System Metaphor

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Levels of the Machine

• 1. Individual electrical components
• Transistors
• Resisters
• Capacitors
• 2. Circuit boards
• 3. Specialized devices
• Power supply
• Cooling fan

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Levels of the Machine

• 4. Specialized components
• Graphics accelerator
• Memory banks
• 5. Mother board
• CPU
• Battery
• Plug-in expansion card slots
• Specialized components
• Connector for power supply

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Levels of the Machine

• 6. Operating system and device drivers
• 7. Machine language
• 8. Compilers and interpreters
• 9. High-level languages
• Java
• C
• Visual Basic
• Microsoft Excel (?)

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Levels of the Machine

• 10. Single-user applications
• 11. Network components and software
• 12. Multi-user centralized applications
• 13. Internet connection devices and s/w
• 14. Internet utilities (global / specific)
• 15. Web connection devices and s/w
• 16. Web utilities (global / general)

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Introduction to Computer Architecture

• History
• Computational Models
• Levels of the Machine
• gtgt Computer System

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Typical Computer System

• Hard Disk
• Floppy Disk
• Tape Backup
• Random Access Memory
• Central Processing Unit
• Graphics Accelerator Card
• Keyboard
• Monitor
• Printer

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Computer System

• The intent of the following slides is to remind
  us to ask, when studying any computer component,
• What problem is this intended to solve?

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Digital Computers

• Computer Structure
• Figure 1-2 Block Diagram of a Digital
  Computer

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Digital Computers

• Basic Structure
• memory unit stores programs, input, output, data
• processor unit performs arithmetic and other
  data-processing operations, as
  specified by the program
• control unit supervises the flow of information
  between units
• (CPU control unit data path)
• input device key board
• output device CRT, LCD
• More
• FPU (floating-point unit)
• MMU (memory management unit)
• (Memory MMU internal cache external cache
  RAM)

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Classification of Computer Architectures
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Von Neumann Machine
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????? John von nuemenn ???????????????????????????
IAS ( Institute for Advanced Studies)
??????????? ??? Princeton University in the
1940s
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Von Neumann Machine

• ?????????????? Von nuemann ?????????????????
• ?????????????????????? 3 ???????
• CPU
• Main memory
• I/O system
• ?????????????????????????????????????????

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• ?????????????????????????????????????????
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• ??????????????????????????????????????????????
  ????????????????????????
• ?????????????????????????????????????????????????
  ??????????? CPU ?????????????????????????????????
  Bottleneck

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• The major subsystems within the CPU are
• The control unit (CU)
• The arithmetic and logic unit (ALU)
• A register set

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Von Neumann Model
Memory Unit

• Input Unit
• Provides instructions and data to system

Arithemtic and Logical Unit (ALU)
Input Unit
Output Unit
Control Unit
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Von Neumann Model
Memory Unit

• Output Unit
• Returns data from system

Arithemtic and Logical Unit (ALU)
Input Unit
Output Unit
Control Unit
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Von Neumann Model
Memory Unit

• Memory
• Storage for instructions and data

Arithemtic and Logical Unit (ALU)
Input Unit
Output Unit
Control Unit
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Von Neumann Model
Memory Unit

• ALU
• Processes data

Arithemtic and Logical Unit (ALU)
Input Unit
Output Unit
Control Unit
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Von Neumann Model
Memory Unit

• Control Unit
• Directs processing

Arithemtic and Logical Unit (ALU)
Input Unit
Output Unit
Control Unit
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Von Neumann Model
Memory Unit

• CPU
• ALU and Control Unit combined

CPU
Arithemtic and Logical Unit (ALU)
Input Unit
Output Unit
Control Unit
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System Bus Model
CPU (ALU, Registers, Control)
Memory
Input Output (I/O)
Data Bus
Address Bus
System Bus
Control Bus

• Streamlined version of von Nuemann model
• Data Bus
• Address Bus
• Control Bus
• Power Bus (optional)

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System Bus Model
CPU (ALU, Registers, Control)
Memory
Input Output (I/O)
Data Bus
Address Bus
System Bus
Control Bus

• Data Bus
• Carries the information being transmitted
• Sometimes implemented as data-in and data-out
  buses

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System Bus Model
CPU (ALU, Registers, Control)
Memory
Input Output (I/O)
Data Bus
Address Bus
System Bus
Control Bus

• Address Bus
• Identifies where the information is being sent
• Memory address identifies read/write location

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System Bus Model
CPU (ALU, Registers, Control)
Memory
Input Output (I/O)
Data Bus
Address Bus
System Bus
Control Bus

• Control Bus
• Describes aspects of how the information is being
  sent, in what manner