A New Birth of Freedom: The Civil War, 1861-1865

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A New Birth of Freedom The Civil War, 1861-1865

• 14.1 The First Modern War

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Map
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The Two Combatants

• Union many advantages
• 22M people vs 9M (3.3M) slaves
• Manufacturing, railroads, wealth
• Confederate advantages
• Very large country
• Soldiers highly motivated
• Patriotism high on both sides

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Soldiers

• By 1865 men who served
• Union 2M
• Confederacy 900,000
• The Draft begins in 1862
• Union farm boys, shopkeepers, artisans, city
  workers
• Confederacy small farmers, slaveowning officers

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Technology of War

• Railroads vital
• Junctions like Atlanta Petersburg targets
• Ironclads revolutionize naval warfare
• 1862 Monitor vs. Merrimac
• Telegraph, observation balloons, hand grenades,
  submarines

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The Rifle

• Grooved barrel accuracy
• Deadly at 600 yards
• 620,000 men died 5M today
• New tactics
• Heavy fortifications
• Elaborate trenches
• Advantage defense (Southern armies)

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POW Camps Disease

• Primitive medical care killed
• Measles, dysentery, malaria, typhus killed
• 50,000 men die in military prisons
• Starvation disease
• 13,000 Union men at Andersonville, GA

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The Public and the War

• Propaganda efforts to mobilize public opinion
• Pictures, music, pamphlets
• Dem. treason, war crimes,
• Confederacy does the same
• Newspapers print battle results casualties

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Photography

• Infant art form brought the war home
• 1862 shocking battlefield images
• Antietam many more
• Mathew Brady corps of photographers
• Fame wealth
• Art into business

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Mobilizing Resources

• 1861 both sides unprepared
• No national railroad gauge
• No national banking system
• No tax system
• No accurate map of the southern states
• Navy too small to blockade south

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• Union becomes best fed and supplied army in
  history of world
• Confederacy has shortages
• Food, uniforms, shoes
• Managed to manufacture own weapons
• Union generals fail to capitalize
• Officers not trained to lead
• Wrong plan

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The War Begins

• In The East the Union goal capture Richmond
• 100 mile corridor between DC Richmond
• Army of the Potomac
• 1st Bull Run July 1861
• Confederate victory
• Shattered belief war would be quick
• 800 men die
• Stonewall Jackson

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Gen. Geo. McClellan

• Assumes command of A of P
• Turned volunteers in to soldiers
• Wouldnt fight
• Overestimated enemy size
• Democrat
• Hopped a compromise would end war
• Tried to save lives

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The War in the East, 1862

• June 62 McClellan begins Peninsula Campaign
• 100,000 vs. Lees Army of Northern VA
• Lee stops McClellan in Seven Days Campaign
• w/drew to DC
• Aug 62 Confederate victory at 2nd Bull Run

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Robert E. Lee

• Robert E. Lee son of Rev. hero turns down
  Lincolns offer to run Union Army.
• Army of Northern VA

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Lee Goes North

• Bring border states in
• Persuade England France to recognize South
• Influence fall elections
• Maybe capture DC

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Battle of Antietam, MD

• Sept. 17, 1862
• McClellan repels Lee
• 4,300 (6300) died, 18,000 wounded
• More die than in any other day in US history
• Last victory in East for some time

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Thomas Bailey AumackHazlet NJ
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McClellan Replaced

• Nov, 7, 1862
• Lincoln says, If you dont want to use the army,
  I should like to borrow it for a while
• Gen. Ambrose Burnside - AoP

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Fredricksburg, VA

• Dec. 62
• Gen. Ambrose Burnside AoP
• Defeated badly by Lee
• It was not a fight, it was a massacre

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The War in the West

• Ulysses S. Grant successful in TN
• Unsuccessful civilian, but good at war
• Feb. 62 Ft. Henry Ft. Donelson
• Survived surprise at Shiloh
• Bloody fist fight 2 days
• Union 13,000 kwm Con. 10,000 kwm
• Apr. 62 Adm. David Farragut captures NO
• Souths largest city

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Ft. Henry Ft. Donelson

• Feb. 6, 16th
• TN
• Unconditional Surrender Grant
• First Victories