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Chapter 40: Basic Principles of Animal Form

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Title: Chapter 40: Basic Principles of Animal Form


1
Chapter 40 Basic Principles of Animal Form
Function
Test corrections due Thursday quit
slacking! avg 17 range 5 - 28 Essays
on-line 4 pages for ALL animal physiology
2
Chapter 40 Basic Principles of Animal Form
Function
Evolutionary convergence in fast swimmers
3
Chapter 40 Basic Principles of Animal Form
Function
  • How has exchange with the environment evolved?
  • Simple diffusion from direct contact w/
    environment
  • To internal exchange thru moist medium

4
Figure 40.3 Contact with the environment
5
Figure 40.4 Internal exchange surfaces of complex
animals
6
Chapter 40 Basic Principles of Animal Form
Function
  • How has exchange with the environment evolved?
  • Simple diffusion from direct contact w/
    environment
  • To internal exchange thru moist medium
  • Reminderwhat is the hierarchy of biological
    organization?
  • Atoms?molecules?organelles?cells?tissues?organs?o
    rgan systems
  • What is a tissue what are the 4 types?
  • Group of cells in a matrix with a common
    structure function
  • Epithelial
  • Connective
  • Muscular
  • Nervous

7
  • Epithelial Tissue
  • Tightly packed sheets that cover the body, line
    organs cavities w/in the body
  • Involved with secretion absorption

8
  • Connective Tissue
  • Binds supports other tissues
  • 3 types
  • Collagenous
  • non-elastic skin wont rip
  • Elastic
  • elastin skin reshapes
  • Reticular
  • Thin branched
  • Made of collagen
  • Joins connective tissue
  • to neighboring tissue

9
  • Muscle tissue (ch 49)
  • Long cells made of contractile proteins
  • Actin myosin
  • 3 kinds
  • Skeletal aka striated (w/ lines)
  • Cardiac heart branched cells
  • Smooth
  • no striations
  • In walls of digestive tract,
  • bladder, arteries
  • Nervous tissue (ch 48)
  • Sense stimuli transmits signals
  • neuron

10
Chapter 40 Basic Principles of Animal Form
Function
  • How has exchange with the environment evolved?
  • Reminderwhat is the hierarchy of biological
    organization?
  • What is a tissue what are the 4 types?
  • What is metabolism?
  • All of the chemical rxns within an organism
  • Catabolism breaks bonds releases energy
    exergonic
  • Anabolism forms bonds requires energy
    endergonic

11
Figure 40.7 Bioenergetics of an animal an
overview
12
Chapter 40 Basic Principles of Animal Form
Function
  • How has exchange with the environment evolved?
  • Reminderwhat is the hierarchy of biological
    organization?
  • What is a tissue what are the 4 types?
  • What is metabolism?
  • All of the chemical rxns within an organism
  • Catabolism breaks bonds releases energy
    exergonic
  • Anabolism forms bonds requires energy
    endergonic
  • What is homeostasis how is it achieved?
  • Steady state
  • Negative feedback
  • the response is in the opposite direction of the
    stimulus

13
Figure 40.11 A nonliving example of negative
feedback control of room temperature
Set point is maintained
14
Chapter 40 Basic Principles of Animal Form
Function
  • How has exchange with the environment evolved?
  • Reminderwhat is the hierarchy of biological
    organization?
  • What is a tissue what are the 4 types?
  • What is metabolism?
  • All of the chemical rxns within an organism
  • Catabolism breaks bonds releases energy
    exergonic
  • Anabolism forms bonds requires energy
    endergonic
  • What is homeostasis how is it achieved?
  • Steady state
  • Negative feedback
  • the response is in the opposite direction of the
    stimulus
  • Positive feedback
  • Response stimulus are in the same direction
  • What are the 2 types of thermoregulation?
  • Ectothermic heat metabolism based on
    environment
  • Endothermic heat metabolism regulated
    internally

15
Figure 40.12 The relationship between body
temperature and environmental temperature in an
aquatic endotherm and ectotherm
16
Chapter 40 Basic Principles of Animal Form
Function
  • How has exchange with the environment evolved?
  • Reminderwhat is the hierarchy of biological
    organization?
  • What is a tissue what are the 4 types?
  • What is metabolism?
  • What is homeostasis how is it achieved?
  • What are the 2 types of thermoregulation?
  • How do organisms exchange heat with their
    environment?

17
Figure 40.13 Heat exchange between an organism
and its environment
Radiation is the emission of electromagnetic
waves by all objects warmer than absolute zero.
Radiation can transfer heat between objects that
are not in direct contact, as when a lizard
absorbs heat radiating from the sun.
Evaporation is the removal of heat from the
surface of a liquid that is losing some of its
molecules as gas. Evaporation of water from a
lizards moist surfaces that are exposed to the
environment has a strong cooling effect.
Convection is the transfer of heat by the
movement of air or liquid past a surface, as
when a breeze contributes to heat loss from a
lizards dry skin, or blood moves heat from the
body core to the extremities.
Conduction is the direct transfer of thermal
motion (heat) between molecules of objects in
direct contact with each other, as when a lizard
sits on a hot rock.
18
Chapter 40 Basic Principles of Animal Form
Function
  • How has exchange with the environment evolved?
  • Reminderwhat is the hierarchy of biological
    organization?
  • What is a tissue what are the 4 types?
  • What is metabolism?
  • What is homeostasis how is it achieved?
  • What are the 2 types of thermoregulation?
  • How do organisms exchange heat with their
    environment?
  • How can organisms exchange heat within their
    bodies?
  • - Countercurrent heat exchange

19
Figure 40.15 Countercurrent heat exchangers
20
Chapter 40 Basic Principles of Animal Form
Function
  • How has exchange with the environment evolved?
  • Reminderwhat is the hierarchy of biological
    organization?
  • What is a tissue what are the 4 types?
  • What is metabolism?
  • What is homeostasis how is it achieved?
  • What are the 2 types of thermoregulation?
  • How do organisms exchange heat with their
    environment?
  • How can organisms exchange heat within their
    bodies?
  • How do we achieve homeostasis for body
    temperature?

21
Figure 40.21 The thermostat function of the
hypothalamus in human thermoregulation
22
Chapter 40 Basic Principles of Animal Form
Function
  • How has exchange with the environment evolved?
  • Reminderwhat is the hierarchy of biological
    organization?
  • What is a tissue what are the 4 types?
  • What is metabolism?
  • What is homeostasis how is it achieved?
  • What are the 2 types of thermoregulation?
  • How do organisms exchange heat with their
    environment?
  • How can organisms exchange heat within their
    bodies?
  • How do we achieve homeostasis for body
    temperature?
  • How do animals thermoregulate in temperature
    extremes?
  • Torpor physiological state in which activity is
    low
  • metabolism is decreased
  • Hibernation winter bears, Beldings ground
    squirrels
  • Estivation summer many reptiles, bees

23
Figure 40.22 Body temperature and metabolism
during hibernation in Beldings ground squirrels
Additional metabolism that would be necessary to
stay active in winter
200
Actual metabolism
100
Metabolic rate (kcal per day)
0
Arousals
35
Body temperature
30
25
20
Temperature (C)
15
10
5
Outside temperature
0
Burrow temperature
-5
-10
-15
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