Version Bror 11 System for transportation of goods realistically will diminish car traffic with calculated one third to one fourth and climate gases with 20 to 25 percent without any sacrifices at all from side of the public

1
Version Bror 11 System for
transportation of goods realistically will
diminish car traffic with calculated one third to
one fourth and climate gases with 20 to 25
percent without any sacrifices at all from side
of the public

• Short description of the system
• with effects
• This presentation is intended for using also at
  self studies

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Section A

• Short description of the system

3
A 1. Light transportation of goods by car on duty
has close to astronomical extent and comprise
small loadings 1 of 4

• In county of Stockholm with 2 million people and
  an area of 6 000 km2 more than 100 000 cars
  driven of about 60 000 chauffeurs counted in full
  time in our calculations are engaged in light
  transportation of goods on duty.
• Last sum we partly base on the circumstance that
  202 000 light lorries owned by juridical persons
  in Sweden 1999/2000 was driven 3 188 million km
  (newer data arent available, probably distance
  is longer today). The distance in county of
  Stockholm was 660 million km. At a calculated
  average speed of 16 km per hour (10 miles per
  hour) including time for loading and unloading
  the distance in county of Stockholm corresponds
  to 41 million hours for drivers (660 000 000/16)
  corresponding to 25 800 wholly occupied persons.
• Median weight at transportation of goods in light
  lorry on duty according to study in Gothenburg is
  as low as about 85 kg.

4
A 1. Light transportation of goods by car on duty
has close to astronomical extent and comprise
small loadings 2 of 4

• Partly we base this on the comparably unknown
  circumstance due to investigation in Stockholm
  that 29 percent of driving by personnel cars on
  duty are pure goods transportation, 21 percent
  combined personnel and goods transportation and
  10 percent others, probably sometimes the car
  itself at transportation till and from service.
  Statistics here is insufficient as no actor in
  logistics area will inquire systematically data
  in this area. The number of personnel cars being
  owned by juridical persons in 2007 numbered 881
  000 units in Sweden or 21 percent of all
  personnel cars.
• The extent goods transportation on duty in
  personnel cars therefore probably is larger than
  in light lorries also if this judgement rests on
  a comparably uncertain foundation.
• Median weight of loaded goods reasonably is lower
  at transportation in personnel cars than in light
  lorries and perhaps will be possible to count in
  one digit number of kilos. As transportation in
  personnel cars ought to dominate median weight in
  summed light transportation by car on duty may be
  found in the interval 10 to 20 kilos.

5
A 1. Light transportation of goods by car on duty
has close to astronomical extent and comprise
small loadings 3 of 4

• About 80 percent of costs for goods
  transportation on duty is valid for the driver.
  Costs for light transportation on duty as result
  probably will be about three times higher than
  for heavy transportation by lorry (on the other
  hand the number of tonkm is much lower).
• At a calculated cost of 500 000 SEK1 per driver
  with car and year, total cost for light
  transportation in county of Stockholm will attain
  30 billion SEK per year.
• The transports are short and at dominating part
  rolls between working places.
• 1 1 dollar is about 7.25 SEK

6
A 1. Light transportation of goods by car on duty
has close to astronomical extent and comprise
small loadings 4 of 4

• These car transportation very easily ought to
  have possibility paying for own winding up with
  gigantic environmental advantages as a result,
  however choice of the right new transportation
  system.

7
A 2. Chosen goods transportation system is
tailored for executing light transportation today
done by car 1 of 4

• At this background we sketched out a system for
  transportation of goods suited after real loading
  on light lorry. It then also can execute goods
  transportation done in personnel car. The system
  consists of wagons with a loading capacity about
  the same as boot in a personnel car, preliminary
  250 litres (500 x 500 x 1 200 mm) that is about 9
  cubic feet (18 x 18 x 4) or 300 kg (660
  pounds).
• When loading will permit and for certain
  customers capacity will be preliminary 70 litres
  or 100 kg.
• The wagon rolls wholly automatic, follows bands
  on rubber wheels at a speed of 30 to 40 km an
  hour. Own weight is calculated to 50 respectively
  20 kg. The wagon is driven with directly working
  electricity as a tram.
• Preliminary the wagon consists of a driving unit
  with motor and a loading box. The driving unit
  docks with bayonet to the loading box and fixes
  it in a tight grip.

8
A 2. Chosen goods transportation system is
tailored for executing light transportation today
done by car 2 of 4

• One single wagon with this loading capacity due
  to investigation in Gothenburg according weight
  will have possibility executing about 85 percent
  of transportation in light lorry on duty of
  today. It reasonably also can execute close to
  100 percent of goods transportation in personnel
  cars.
• Customers will have strong economical reasons
  adapt and substitute commodities in such a way
  that they will have room in the wagon.

9
A 2. Chosen goods transportation system is
tailored for executing light transportation today
done by car 3 of 4

• The wagon rolls in a certain culvert system dug
  down just beneath among others streets and
  pavements, protected from wind and weather and
  from unauthorized. Inspection lids to the culvert
  from street are placed probably at a distance in
  between of preliminary 5 to 10 meters.
• Standard culvert has an inner dimension for two
  meeting lanes of 1 200 x 600 mm. The smaller
  wagon can roll also in one directed one lane
  culverts of 400 x 400 mm mainly in small house
  areas. As well see below also households on own
  economical merits will be possible connecting to
  the culvert.

10
Goods transportation system in simple sketch
Outer dimension of the wagon Standard wagon 500 x
500 x 1 200 mm Loading capacity 250 litres or 300
kg Wagon in small house areas 300 x 300 x 1 000
mm Loading capacity 65 l or 100 kg
Armed concrete

Street (roof of the culvert)
Width and height of the culvert (prel. inner
dimensions) Standard culvert 1 200 x 600 mm One
lane culvert in small house areas 400 x 400 mm
Kulvertgolv
Wagon
Street or pavement
Wagon
Wagon
Wagon
Armed concrete
Gravel
11
A 2. Chosen goods transportation system is
tailored for executing light transportation today
done by car 4 of 4

• Houses are connected to culvert in cellars to
  which the wagon can roll by own engine. No
  elevators are needed.
• Small dimensions and digging down in the street
  (no bursting of deeply placed tunnels) ought to
  mean low costs for the culvert per length unit.
  Construction works in much resembles construction
  of way drum.
• The wagon can roll indoors by automatically
  docking to a battery furnished aggregate. Indoors
  it follows bands cheaply taped on the floors.
• In each crossing between culverts a computer is
  placed that partly will chose way for the wagons
  based on lists on different destinations, partly
  will give priority to wagons passing the
  crossing.
• Safe distance ought to be possible choosing
  shorter here for goods transportation than what
  is possible for personnel transportation.

12
A 3. Extremely low variable transportation costs
for the goods transportation system 1 of 2

• Variable transportation costs (added costs for a
  transport) according to ground course in business
  economics totally are decisive for competitive
  strength between different transportation kinds.
  The transportation kind having the lowest
  variable costs will execute a transport. The
  wagon is supposed to roll 100 000 km per year
  during writing off time of 5 years. Variable
  transportation costs will be extremely low for
  the small wagon.
• Rörliga transportkostnader för systemvagnen
  (standardvagnen) tillverkad i mycket lång serie
  och efter ett antal års förfining av såväl vagn
  som tillverkningsteknik under den beräknade
  femåriga avskrivningstiden med en tillryggalagd
  körsträcka om ca 500 000 km

Life time costs SEK
Writing off of the wagon (Buying cost for the wagon) Reparation and maintenance Electrical energy 0.01 kWh per km, 500 000 km, 1 SEK per kWh Others 10 000 8 000 5 000 500
Sum 23 500
Variable transportation cost, SEK per km (23 500/500 000) 0.047
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A 3. Extremely low variable transportation costs
for the goods transportation system 2 of 2

• Variable transportation costs for the system,
  0.05 SEK per km, only will be about one four
  hundredth of the cars on duty (including
  drivers time for among others loading and
  unloading) of about 20 SEK per km (0.04/20).
  Turned around this means that 400 wagons can
  transport goods at the same variable costs as for
  a car on duty.
• A transport of 10 km by car bringing a variable
  transportation cost including drivers time for
  loading and unloading (only personnel costs) of
  200 SEK thus via the system will bring a total
  variable transportation cost of calculated only
  0.50 SEK.
• The totally dominating transportation of goods by
  car in number counted contains so small goods
  quantities that only one wagon will be able
  replacing the car.

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A 4. Costs will be low for a culvert system
linking together almost all users of
transportation 1 of 5

• Infrastructure investments in a culvert net
  reasonably will dominate costs for the goods
  transportation system. The culvert however ought
  to be comparably cheap partly by small dimensions
  that also will make possible cheap digging down
  of the culvert in streets instead of busted
  deeply placed and as result expensive tunnel.
• We assume that head culvert will follow all state
  and county roads and all streets in Stockholm
  county and added to that connections into almost
  all houses.
• Stately owned roads in Stockholm county with a
  population of 2 019 000 persons has a total
  length of 405 km and county roads 2 334 km which
  the culverts in first will follow. The length
  corresponds to a net of squares placed over the
  county with side of every square 4.6 km.
• In second street length in Stockholm county is
  assumed to be proportional to population in
  Sweden. By 21 percent of population in Sweden and
  a total length of 40 000 km in the country,
  length of the roads and streets that the culvert
  will follow will be 8 400 km. Of that we assume
  that about half is large and half small culvert
  dimension.

15
A 4. Costs will be low for a culvert system
linking together almost all users of
transportation 2 of 5

• The number of small houses in county of Stockholm
  31/12 2006 was 244 318 and the number of
  dwellings in block of flats 668 904. Connections
  to small houses we assume are of mentioned
  smaller dimension. At a length per connection of
  15 meters total length of culverts connecting all
  small houses in third will be 3 660 km (0.015 x
  244 318).
• If every block of flat in average will include 12
  dwellings (low counted) number of connections for
  them will be 55 800. Many working places in inner
  cities in Sweden are placed in these houses where
  one or many floors often are used for working
  places. We furthermore assume that additional 10
  000 houses with working places exist in the
  county that dont include dwellings.
• At a length per connection of 15 meters for 65
  800 block of flats and working places total
  length for connections of them in fourth will be
  987 km (0.015 x 65 800).

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A 4. Costs will be low for a culvert system
linking together almost all users of
transportation 3 of 5

• As result total length of culverts of the large
  standard dimension in this rough calculation will
  be 7 926 km (2 739 4 200 987) and
  of the smaller dimension 7 860 km (4 200 3
  660).
• A culvert net following all state and county
  roads and streets in county of Stockholm
  including connections to all houses of 15 meters
  as result will have a calculated length of
  totally 15 786 km.
• Of the length calculated about 7 000 km will be
  related to culvert net between working places,
  while rest of the net, scantily 8 800 km, will be
  valid for the complementing part connecting
  dwellings.

17
A 4. Costs will be low for a culvert system
linking together almost all users of
transportation 4 of 5

• Based on material from a large construction
  company in our judgement culvert of the large
  dimension will be possible to construct at a cost
  of 7.2 and of the small dimension of 4.6 million
  SEK per km. As comparison costs for a 13 meter
  broad road a couple of years ago was 15 million
  SEK per km.
• As result investment costs for culvert of the
  large dimension will sum up to 57.1 billion SEK
  (7.2 x 7 926) and of the small dimension 36.2
  billion SEK (4.6 x 7 860). Total investment cost
  for these culverts will be 93.3 billion SEK (57.1
  36.2).
• At 310 100 connections (55 800 10 000 244
  318) and a cost per connection (among others
  making holes in outer cellar walls) of 30 000
  SEK, total costs for connections will be 9.3
  billion SEK.
• Total investment costs for culvert and
  connections as result will sum up to 102.6
  billion SEK (93.3 9.3). At 5 percent interest
  and 30 years annuity, total capital costs for
  culvert net and connections will be 6.7 billion
  SEK per year (0.06505 x 102.6).

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A 4. Costs will be low for a culvert system
linking together almost all users of
transportation 5 of 5

• About half of total costs, or 3.3 billion SEK per
  year, are assumed to be valid for the culvert net
  between working places and rest of the sum to the
  complementary net between dwellings.
• The sum 3.3 billion SEK per year for the culvert
  net between working places ought to be possible
  to compare to costs for light goods
  transportation on duty as to above of 30 billion
  SEK per year.
• Its true that all these transportation arent
  saved, but this falling off ought to be
  compensated as costs knotted to the transports
  for among others other personnel than drivers are
  engaged in the transportation and often will be
  superfluous or needs of which sharply will
  diminish. So ought to be the case among others
  for personnel for packing, loading, unloading,
  reloading, sorting, receipts, registration,
  controls, payments and others. Also costs for
  among others cars, not included above, will
  disappear. To end with also heavy lorry
  transportation will be replaced with, due to
  below, comprehensive savings as result.

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A 5. Savings in transportation very easily ought
to motivate a culvert net connecting almost all
working places in county of Stockholm to each
others

• In our judgement savings in transportation at
  this background very easily ought to finance the
  culvert net connecting almost all working places
  in county of Stockholm to each others. According
  to this calculation it will finance costs about
  nine times over (30/3.3 9.0)
• The sum 30 billion SEK per year in fact, if
  desirably, would cover total costs for building
  of motor way all length of the culvert system
  between almost all working places of above
  mentioned 7 000 km in county of Stockholm.
  Savings of 30 billion SEK per year at 5 percent
  interest and 30 years annuity thus will finance
  461 billion SEK, corresponding to 66 million SEK
  per km (461 000/7 000). A motor way now being
  built in Sweden from Enköping in the direction of
  Västerås thus will cost 48 million SEK per km.
  Its hardly reasonable to believe that the small
  culvert would cost as much as a motor way.

20
A 6. Heavy transportation in lorries at high
degree will be transferred to railway and ships
in the form of combination transports 1 of 3

• Long heavy transportation in lorries at high
  degree will be transferred to railway and ships
  as the wagon automatically by own engine will
  roll up on these vehicles in the form of
  combination transports.
• Competitive strength for railway and ships
  dramatically will increase when connecting
  transports, an Achilles heel not least for
  railways competitive strength against car, by
  the wagon will be much cheaper than if these
  connecting transports are executed by car.
• Furthermore the wagon on a railway station by own
  engine will be able to change railway carriage on
  the same train, change to a train in another
  direction and also change railway station to a
  train there. Thus for example it will be possible
  rolling between so called sack stations. Sack
  stations often ends at suburbs in among others
  large cities.
• Reloading today is more complicated for railway
  than for the car that easier will park next to
  places for origin and destination for goods.
• The second important Achilles heel, for railways
  competitive strength against railway, shunting,
  as result also often will be possible to avoid.

21
A 6. Heavy transportation in lorries at high
degree will be transferred to railway and ships
in the form of combination transports 2 of 3

• Investments in new terminals for railway and
  ships that these possibilities will open up for,
  will be less capital demanding than today as the
  wagon will be able of rolling up on and off from
  them on simple ramps dimensioned only for low
  loadings.
• Needs of especial stockings in these terminals
  for wagons furthermore ought to be considerably
  lower than needs today in the form of among
  others storehouses on railway stations and
  harbours as what we name common waiting stores,
  stockings of wagons and loading boxes accessible
  for all customers, ought to be possible to use
  for storing in these cases also if they are
  placed on a little distance from the railway
  station or harbour in question. From the waiting
  stores the wagons at own engines easily will roll
  many kilometres in minutes directly up on the
  railway carriages or the ships.

22
A 6. Heavy transportation in lorries at high
degree will be transferred to railway and ships
in the form of combination transports 3 of 3

• As we see it combination transports between the
  system and ships are much more efficient and
  cheaper than container transports with ships.
• Thus it ought to be possible faster and cheaper
  than at container transport loading and unloading
  a ship. Its most just a question of how many
  ramps that are placed from quay to the ship.
• The really important factor for higher efficiency
  for the system however is that at container
  transports there are no savings in handling
  inside companies, no simpler packing and no
  savings in stockings and locals of kind in
  gigantic scale emerging at transportation with
  the system according to below.
• Powerful building out of railway, coast- and
  canal shipping ought to be the result at the same
  time as heavy lorry traffic will diminish.

23
A 7. Low variable transportation costs by the
system will make possible a variable fee for the
transports that easily ought to finance all costs
for the system 1 of 2

• The exploiter during an introductory period will
  be able taking out a high variable fee per
  transport of say 30 SEK in driving up fee and 5
  SEK per km and no other fee at all. For a
  transport of 10 km the cost will be 80 SEK (30
  5 x 10). By car the transport as mentioned will
  cost 200 SEK. Instead of buying the transport
  from car with a driver the employer will chose to
  buy it at comprehensive environmental advantages
  from the system and as result will get a profit
  of 120 SEK. The exploiter, with a variable cost
  of only 0.50 SEK, then will be able using 79.50
  SEK for financing of culvert, which easily ought
  to be enough for financing a comprehensive
  culvert net.
• The crucial point is if the customer will chose
  this much cheaper and environmentally better
  alternative, which we consider being a matter of
  course. Then money already are disposable making
  possible financing of the system.

24
A 7. Low variable transportation costs by the
system will make possible a variable fee for the
transports that easily ought to finance all costs
for the system 2 of 2

• In the long run our judgement is that the
  exploiter will chose a construction of fees with
  extremely low variable fees however covering
  variable transportation costs. A thinkable fee
  for a transport is 2 SEK in driving up fee plus
  0.06 SEK per km.
• Head part of the costs then is taken out in the
  form of fixed for example yearly fees.
• Value of the system powerfully will increase at
  this combination tax as more transportation will
  be profitable for customers transferring to the
  system. At the same time environmental advantages
  further will increase.

25
A 8. Savings in other than transportation is much
larger than in transportation

• Gross savings in transportation is many times
  higher for the goods transportation system than
  for which ever other system for transportation of
  goods and/or persons (inside the limitation
  described in point A 24 below).
• Furthermore, and probably surprising for the
  uninitiated, savings in other than transportation
  in our calculation stand for about four fifth of
  all economical advantages by the system. They
  thus totally dominate and dramatically will
  enhance value of the system and value of
  connecting.
• These gigantic savings in other than
  transportation is unique for the system, that is,
  they wont appear for other systems for
  transportation of goods and/or persons (outside
  mentioned limitation) and depends firstly on
  largeness of the wagon that partly will permit
  transportation of almost all goods people will
  fence themselves with and in reality being object
  for light transportation of today and partly will
  permit direct connection to culvert of almost all
  users of transportation.
• These savings in other than transportation are
  especially important in commerce and industry.

26
A 9. Commerce will be rationalized in ground 1 of
4

• Commerce will be rationalized in ground.
• - Shops will be unnecessary when goods can be
  sent directly from wholesalers to households.
  Probably this will be norm in daily goods.
• - Remaining shops will get most commodities
  delivered directly from producers, among others
  industrial companies. Commodities as result
  neednt pass wholesalers. These shops furthermore
  will be rationalized when the wagon will roll
  next to the shelf for exposing. From there the
  goods can be lifted over to the shelf.
  Alternatively the wagon or its loading box in
  itself can constitute exhibition case.
• - Industry will be able sending commodities
  directly to households, by which both wholesale
  and retail sale links will be superfluous with
  yet larger savings as result.

27
A 9. Commerce will be rationalized in ground 2 of
4

• Lower prices on commodities among others by
  falling off needs of commercial links will land
  up at buying households. Lowering of prices in
  our calculation normally will be larger than fees
  that households will pay for the transportation
  at a fee financing transportation costs to the
  customer in question including costs for
  connection of the customer and part of passing
  culvert and also a normal profit.
• So is the case for almost all households in
  blocks of flat and also for the totally
  dominating parts of the households in small
  houses. Connection of households powerfully will
  increase economical and environmental advantages
  of the system.
• In our calculation a small house thus on own
  economical merits among others by savings in
  commerce will motivate culvert of the smaller
  dimension on a distance of about 200 meters.
  Accordingly for example 10 households will
  motivate 2 km of culverts and 100 of 20 km.
• Economical life in built up areas will motivate a
  comprehensive nation wide culvert net for
  transports them in-between. In rural areas it
  will be placed next to roads where most working
  places and small houses in the latter areas are
  located. The nation wide net thus also ought to
  permit probably most among others households in
  rural areas being connected to culvert.

28
A 9. Commerce will be rationalized in ground 3 of
4

• Södermalm is an island in inner city of Stockholm
  with 108 640 inhabitants. Streets on the island
  have a total length of 97.7 km (lt1
  meter/inhabitant). We assume that all streets are
  furnished with culverts. If 20 persons live in
  every house the houses are 5 432 (108 640/
  20 the exact number isnt known, but this is
  high counted). A culvert distance of 15 metres
  per house will mean need of furthermore 81.5 km
  culverts (5 432 x 0.015) and a total length
  culvert of 179.2 km (97.7 81.5). Close to the
  island a couple of wholesalers of daily goods are
  located that also will be connected assumed
  offering daily goods also to households.
• At a cost of 7.2 million a km the investment
  costs in culverts will be 1 290 million SEK
  (179.2 x 7.2). Including costs for connections of
  163 million SEK (5 432 x 0.030) total erection
  investments will sum up at 1 453 million
  SEK. This sum at 5 percent interest and 30 years
  annuity will amount a capital cost of 94.5
  million SEK per year
  (1 453 x 0.06505).

29
A 9. Commerce will be rationalized in ground 4 of
4

• In our calculation value added in retail trade in
  Sweden amount 43.1 billion SEK per year (the
  figure is uncertain) corresponding to 4 789 SEK
  per inhabitant and 7 979 SEK per household on
  mentioned island and year. Per week this
  corresponds to 92 and 153 SEK (4 789/52 and 7
  979/52).
• The 65 204 households if buying daily goods by
  the system once a week at high variable fee of
  80 SEK per transport will bring the exploiter an
  income of 271.2 million SEK (65 204 x 52 x 80).
• Solely buying of daily goods will bring the
  exploiter a net income after financing the
  culvert net of 176.7 million SEK per year (281.2
  94.5). This surplus roughly estimated very
  easily ought to cover all remaining costs for
  this construction.

30
Terminal in small house

• Hole is made in outer wall in for example cellar

Sliding lid on inside of outer wall that
automatically will open at passage of the wagon
and immediately after that will close
Box for automatically collection and leaving of
mail
Culvert dimension inner measure 400 x 400 mm
Wagon 300 x 300 x 1 000 mm
Outerwall
Wagon
Alternative placing of terminal at street/road
under locked lid (a box that the wagon will roll
into and from) Calculated cost per terminal for
small house 30 000 SEK
31
A 10. Savings in stockings will be enormous in
among others industry 1 of 5

• Stockings are much more expensive than people in
  common probably believe and of companies often
  are seen on as a necessary evil.
• According rule of thumb presented by Curt
  Nicolin, earlier managing director in ASEA (now A
  in ABB), yearly costs for stockings and directly
  related costs will sum up to about half worth of
  the stockings. In these costs are included many
  components. See these at point B 4 below.
• Stockings in Sweden have a calculated worth of
  about 700 billion SEK and as result will bring
  costs of about 350 billion SEK per year.
• A detail during successive refinement passing
  three engineering plants (for example punching a
  cover in one company that in next company is
  mounted in a motor and in a third company is
  placed in a vacuum cleaner) before it in a
  finished commodity via wholesaler is sold in a
  shop in our calculation (uncertainty by
  incomplete statistics) has a total time in
  stocking of 14 months before it attains customer,
  see mentioned point B 4 below.

32
A 10. Savings in stockings will be enormous in
among others industry 2 of 5

• The wagon can roll from placement next to working
  chair at end assembler in an industrial plant
  where the commodities are loaded in the wagon one
  after one after completion. After that the
  commodities often without, or with simple packing
  by pushing a button wholly automatically will be
  sent in the wagon directly to next company in the
  logistics chain. There, perhaps via waiting
  store, it will land next to working chair at the
  assembler on question.
• In such a case stockings of finished goods
  totally will disappear (except for the small
  quantity of goods already placed in the wagon
  just being loaded). The small packages of goods
  sent furthermore will make possible extraordinary
  small stockings of inset goods.
• Of different reasons goods today arent always
  moved to next production moment at optimal point
  of time. This seldom will be compensated at next
  production moment. Instead delays at different
  production moments often are added to each
  others.

33
A 10. Savings in stockings will be enormous in
among others industry 3 of 5

• Also stockings at work will diminish of the same
  reason. These thus also consist of stocking of
  finished goods at one production moment and
  stocking of inset goods at next. The
  commodities also in this case will be sent at
  appropriate small goods packages (according
  capital binding in stocking and more) precisely
  when the sender wants and will roll to the
  receiver directly or via waiting store on the
  factory from which it by pushing a button will be
  called in by the receiver.
• Extremely low variable transportation costs will
  mean that optimal quantity of goods transported
  at every single consignment dramatically will
  diminish. Today its profitable for a company
  with only one buyer of a commodity (comparably
  usual for subcontractors) building up stockings
  to the level that variable costs for stockings
  will be similar to variable costs for the
  transport (time will build up a quadratic
  function in costs for stockings). As variable
  transportation costs for the car is high this
  today will mean large stockings. With the system
  this variable cost will diminish dramatically,
  which will mean optimal transportation quantities
  at small goods packages. Loading room for the
  wagon therefore often ought to be large enough
  for optimal loading quantity.

34
A 10. Savings in stockings will be enormous in
among others industry 4 of 5

• Costs for stockings dramatically will diminish by
  the system. A halving in our calculation ought to
  be possible for a full scale construction of the
  system in Sweden directly connecting almost all
  working places and households.
• Only these savings in stockings and directly
  related costs, that is in necessary evil, as
  result are so gigantic that they alone ought to
  make possible financing of this full scale
  construction.

35
A 10. Savings in stockings will be enormous in
among others industry 5 of 5

• Furthermore a saving will emerge in stockings
  above Nicolins rule of thumb and not included in
  the above, that ought to diminish value on the
  stockings perhaps with a three digit number in
  billion SEK counted for the full scale system in
  Sweden. It will emerge as result of diminishing
  accumulated costs by the system for goods placed
  in stockings. A component that earlier had a cost
  of 100 SEK thus as result of savings in among
  others logistics by the system will have a value
  of for example only 50 SEK. As result among
  others capital binding in stockings and wastages
  will diminish and the once for all income
  described in point B 4 below will increase.

36
A 11. Savings in handling will be enormous among
others in industry

• Handling dramatically will be simplified when a
  wagon according to above wholly automatically
  will park next to working chair for end assembler
  in a company and, after loading often without or
  with simple packing, wholly automatically will
  roll to placement next to working chair at
  receiving assembler either directly or via
  waiting store. Handling on a similar way will be
  possible executing by the wagon between different
  production moments inside a working place and
  also directly to customers, among others at
  commerce or to households.
• Conventional handling often is executed by manned
  lifting trucks lifting the goods and moving it.
  Many of these handlings as result totally will
  fall off or are replaced by wholly automatically.
  In a normal case today handlings among others are
  executed from lorry via loading ramp to stockings
  of inset goods, from there to production, between
  different production moments, into and out from
  packing into stockings of finished goods and via
  loading ramp to lorry.

37
A 12. Savings in packing will be enormous among
others in industry

• Today packing will meet tough challenges. They
  aim at protecting transported goods from thrust,
  from wind and weather, from coldness and heat and
  from being easily accessible for unauthorized.
  For commodities to be sold in shops demand on
  packing furthermore is that its selling.
• Demand on all these points powerfully will
  diminish at transportation by the system. Many
  transports wholly will fall off and then also of
  cause needs of accompanied packing, for example
  when whole commercial links will be superfluous.
  Furthermore need of packing often totally will
  fall off at lenient, protected transportation via
  the system. In other cases, the majority, packing
  can be manufactured and applied much simpler than
  today.

38
A 13. Savings in locals will be enormous among
others in industry

• Handling, packing and stocking often are the most
  space demanding functions in among others
  industry. Savings in locals therefore will be
  enormous.
• According handling the manual lifting truck today
  will need space before goods being handled in
  order having access to them, for backing and
  swinging and it needs broad gangways for the
  handling. The wagon in contrast will park on a
  small area next to the assembler and will follow
  bands on areas that at the same time are walking
  areas not needing larger width where the wagon
  rolls than 600 mm. It moves in exactly the same
  manner from time to time.
• Needs of local as seen above also will diminish
  in commerce among others by falling off
  commercial links and in transportation in the
  form among others of garage.
• Direct connection is ground for these savings in
  other than transportation and also is reason for
  much of net savings in transportation. The
  possibility of direct connection thus
  dramatically will increase worth of the system.

39
A 14. Possibilities of savings in air traffic
will be large 1 of 3

• The system can be used at handling of luggage
  between terminal building and the aeroplanes.
• However the most interesting use of the system in
  air traffic probably is another. Thus it will be
  considerably more comfortable and very cheap for
  an air traveller to send luggage directly from
  own dwelling (normally from cellar) to the
  destination via the goods transportation system
  and combination transport with railway or ship
  some days before the travelling day.
• Control that the luggage has arrived to the
  destination can be executed before travelling. At
  arriving for the passenger to destination the
  luggage already waits there. Many passengers will
  need commodities on the air travelling only for
  the travelling in itself, that is almost nothing.
  The passenger then will be spared from wearing of
  heavy suitcases.
• Costs for security controls at air terminals
  radically will diminish.
• Handling of luggage on airports also dramatically
  will diminish.

40
A 14. Possibilities of savings in air traffic
will be large 2 of 3

• Today these functions will bring large costs with
  large needs of personnel, transport bands,
  equipments for security control, trucks and
  wagons that at large parts ought to be possible
  saving. Large local areas will be saved of the
  same reasons.
• Fuel consumption for existing aeroplanes ought to
  diminish at lower total transporting weights.
• Existing aeroplanes perhaps sometimes can be
  rebuilt for loading more fuels aiming at flying
  on longer distances.
• Security on aeroplanes will increase as heavy
  hand luggage today often are placed on shelves
  close to roof where it at among others air
  pockets risks of falling down on passengers.

41
A 14. Possibilities of savings in air traffic
will be large 3 of 3

• Future aeroplanes can be constructed for lower
  luggage weight. Useful loading for one version
  of Boeing 737 with 189 seats thus is 20 tons of
  maximum starting weight of 79 tons. If passengers
  today will bring luggage of each 30 kg total
  weight for luggage is 5.7 tons. Perhaps its
  possible to manufacture aeroplanes lighter for
  the same number of passengers or more passengers
  for the same total transporting weight. Smaller
  and lighter aeroplanes for the same passenger
  number will diminish costs for manufacturing
  aeroplanes among others by lesser needs of raw
  materials.
• In our judgement air authorities, air port
  operators and airlines in different ways will
  support this development.
• Market for air transportation ought to increase
  as result firstly of shorter total time for
  flight passengers by simpler security controls
  and suitcase handling, secondly of the same
  reason lower starting and landing fees on
  airlines from air port operators and thirdly more
  effective using of the aeroplanes as luggage
  weights will diminish.

42
A 15. Savings in other than transportation is
head explanation why total savings will be
calculated 45 times as large as costs for the
culvert net in county of Stockholm directly
connecting almost all working places to each
others

• Savings in other than car transportation
  according to our calculations as said constitutes
  for about 80 percent of all savings.
• As savings in transportation due to above is nine
  times as large as costs for described culvert net
  in county of Stockholm directly connecting almost
  all working places to each others, total savings
  for this construction roughly calculated ought to
  amount a 45 times higher sum than costs for the
  culvert net. Totally dominating part of the
  savings will land up at buyers of the transports.
  
• In our opinion therefore its far beyond border
  for what is reasonable that the project wont be
  profitable in business economic terms.

43
A 16. Energy needs will diminish of many reasons
1 of 8

• Energy needs powerfully will diminish of many
  reasons
• Transporting distances often will diminish as the
  system doesnt need to transport round about ways
  via lorry centrals and commercial links and more.
  Needs of energy then will diminish corresponding.
  
• In the gigantic volume light transportation of
  goods transferred from car to a similar long
  transporting distance with the goods
  transportation system energy needs will be about
  one hundredth of the cars. So is the case by
  lower transported weight (often one twentieth),
  lower air resistance both by lower speed and
  lesser cross section and air swept area, lower
  velocity accelerating up to, fewer braking,
  electrical instead of fuel motor driving and so
  on.
• Also when more than one wagon demands for
  replacing a car energy needs at transportation
  will diminish.
• Energy needs will diminish also at transferring
  of heavy transportation from car to combination
  transportation between the system and railway and
  ships. Last mentioned transportation kinds thus
  are more energy efficient than the heavy lorry.
• Fever cars will diminish needs of among others
  steel and energy at manufacturing of the cars
  while energy needs for the wagon is small.

44
A 16. Energy needs will diminish of many reasons
2 of 8

• Many handlings with accompanying energy needs
  totally will fall off when whole commercial links
  will fall off and when intermediate stockings
  will be superfluous at for example lorry
  centrals.
• Handling today often are executed by fuel or
  electric driven lifting trucks, often manned and
  heavy (sometimes furnished with counter weight
  that furthermore will increase weight) with
  strong, heavy motors for also managing of lifting
  the goods. This may be compared to the wagon that
  with very low own weight indoors only at low
  speed rolls on a plane surface at utterly low
  effect and energy needs. Lower needs of among
  others material for handling equipment also will
  diminish energy needs.
• Many packing with following energy needs wholly
  will disappear when whole commercial links will
  fall off and when intermediate stocking will be
  superfluous in for example lorry centrals.
  Majority of the packing ought to be simpler
  shaping.
• Diminishing material needs for packing will lower
  energy needs. Packing today thus consist of
  material demanding large energy amounts at
  production, among others paper and plastics. Also
  working with packing will demand energy which
  needs will diminish.

45
A 16. Energy needs will diminish of many reasons
3 of 8

• The system as said will diminish needs of and in
  other cases simplify handling and packing and
  diminish needs of stockings. As handling, packing
  and stockings often are the most space demanding
  functions in among others industry, also needs of
  locals powerfully will diminish. Needs of locals
  also as mentioned powerfully will diminish in
  commerce among other by falling off needs of
  commercial links and in transportation among
  other by lesser needs of garages and service
  locals for cars.
• Heating of houses in Sweden stands for about 40
  percent of total energy needs in society, of
  which a considerable part ought to be possible
  saving. In buildings also exist electrical pumps,
  fans and illumination which needs will diminish.
• Needs of new locals will diminish which will save
  building material, among others concrete, brick,
  wood, steel, plastics and more for which
  production today will demand large energy
  resources. The building process in itself with
  accompanying transportation also is energy
  demanding.
• To conclude the system will save large amounts of
  energy in locals and at building of them.

46
A 16. Energy needs will diminish of many reasons
4 of 8

• Unique for the system is the small loss of heat
  emerging at passage of the wagon between culvert
  and locals. A shutter in the wall will be opened
  immediately before and closed immediately after
  passage of the little wagon with only limited
  change of air between the culvert and the locals.
  
• Today large amounts of cold air rushes into
  locals in connection with goods transportation
  when doors and gateways at cold weather are open
  for passages of commodities both at sending and
  receiving. Savings are yet somewhat larger in the
  many cases transportation will fall off for
  example when whole commercial links will be
  superfluous or when goods today will be placed in
  intermediately stockings on lorry centrals.
• Furthermore commodities arriving into locals from
  culvert at cold weather will have higher
  temperature than if they will come from a lorry
  platform and passively are warmed up when taken
  indoors.

47
A 16. Energy needs will diminish of many reasons
5 of 8

• These savings of energy, both in unwanted
  ventilation and passively warming of goods, are
  possible furthermore to enhance (we realize that
  this may be seen as all too imaginative but its
  possible and probably profitable) if linings for
  electricity and distant heating are placed in the
  system culvert or in own culverts in the same
  piece of concrete as the system culvert also
  possible to reach from the street. The combined
  culverts then are constructed in such a way that
  heat transfer to the system culvert will be good.
  Waste heating from these linings today
  corresponds energy from two large nuclear
  reactors (12 TWh per year) in Sweden and in our
  survey calculation ought to be enough for keeping
  head part of the culvert net (with most traffic)
  at room temperature also during winter. Goods as
  result then most often will keep room temperature
  when arriving indoors. Service of the linings in
  question will be simplified.
• Savings of energy, many TWh per year, ought to
  arise both by diminishing volume rushing in of
  cold air in locals and as commodities are warmer
  and, if building together of culverts are
  applied, usually will hold room temperature when
  arriving indoors. This application however
  probably is most realistic to realize if state or
  commune is exploiter of the system.

48
A 16. Energy needs will diminish of many reasons
6 of 8

• Common culverts where different linings will
  divide costs for the common ditch and restoring
  economically will permit erection of among others
  distant heating to customer groups earlier being
  unprofitable to connect. This may be valid among
  others for sparsely populated small house areas
  and groups of houses being on somewhat longer
  distance from existing net for distant heating.
  The system culvert connects into the houses which
  will simplify the common culverts. Digging of
  ditch and restoring constitutes a considerable
  part of calculated costs for the system culvert.
• New housing estates at low cost ought to be
  possible provide with system culvert where
  linings for electricity and distant heating are
  integrated.

49
A 16. Energy needs will diminish of many reasons
7 of 8

• Also in air traffic energy needs will diminish by
  above mentioned possibility of sending luggage as
  combination transport between the system and
  railway or ships.

50
A 16. Energy needs will diminish of many reasons
8 of 8

• Energy needs accordingly will diminish except for
  by saved car transportation and cars also of
  these other reasons. Many other effects by the
  system furthermore will diminish energy needs,
  see the in total about 340 items for savings and
  other advantages by the system in table 12 at
  Rapport on www.uvds.org (only in Swedish). Part
  of all these savings are valid for electricity.
  That is cause for our judgment that total needs
  of electricity in society also will diminish
  though the wagons are driven by electricity.
• Demand of energy for the wagon thus is extremely
  low and as above mentioned will amount about one
  hundredth of the car at the totally dominating
  goods transportation with car one wagon can
  replace one car. Total need of electricity for
  mentioned full scale system in Sweden is
  calculated 0.6 TWh.
• Savings of energy except for those mentioned on
  first side under this heading emerges in other
  than car transportation and usually is unique for
  this system with its possibility of connecting
  almost all users of transportation.
• All mentioned savings of energy also will include
  economical savings.

51
A 17. Climate gases will diminish perhaps by 20
to 25 percent of today by the system 1 of 3

• In our calculation car traffic on duty and
  privately ought to diminish by a third to a
  fourth by the system and, as affected cars are
  more fuel consuming than the average car (high
  proportion lorries), a bit more of car fuel
  consumption will fall off.
• Vehicle transportation stands for about 40
  percent of climate gases in Sweden. Diminishing
  of climate gases as result ought to amount 12 to
  15 percent by diminishing car transportation in
  the country.
• Among large areas of use for fossil fuels, motor
  fuels among others to the car in debate rightly
  has been consider as core of the problem
  according climate loading with emissions being
  seen on as most difficult to diminish.
• As the system roughly will bring similar
  advantages in other countries diminishing oil
  consumption of the same magnitude ought to be the
  case also there. Exception is developing
  countries which now however fast are building up
  such. Of total global oil consumption today, 72
  percent is used for road traffic. Therefore this
  saving is important.

52
A 17. Climate gases will diminish perhaps by 20
to 25 percent of today by the system 2 of 3

• Electricity and motor fuels as touched upon will
  be saved when lifting trucks will be replaced by
  the wagon at handling inside companies.
• Energy needs as to above will diminish and also
  climate gases by other reasons than by moving of
  goods
• Lesser needs of handling, packing, stockings,
  locals roads and more will diminish climate
  gases. Needs of new locals will diminish.
• Lesser unwanted ventilation when doors are open
  at commodity passing and lesser passively warming
  up of commodities when taken indoors at cold
  weather.
• More efficient use of aeroplanes.
• Cheaper distant heating net if possibility of
  joint building of culverts between the goods
  transportation system, distant heating,
  electrical lining and more is utilized. This will
  make possible more connections to distant heating
  often resulting in lesser emissions of climate
  gases than alternatives for house heating of
  today.

53
A 17. Climate gases will diminish by the system
perhaps by 20 to 25 percent of today 3 of 3

• Many other points in the list of totally about
  340 items in table 12 in Report will mean
  diminishing climate gases.
• At this background our judgment is that climate
  gases will diminish by net 20 to 25 percent by
  the goods transportation system.
• Society will be much more resource saving and,
  how strange it yet may sound for the uninformed,
  this will be combined with an increasing living
  standard for public.
• The system also will bring a better economy which
  ought to make possible concentration of much
  larger insets on the considerably smaller
  environmental problems remaining. In section B
  below is described how also personnel
  transportation by car by society ought to be
  possible reducing to a fraction of today made
  possible by the system.

54
A 18. The goods transportation system ought to
motivate its costs only by environmental reasons
1 of 4

• Besides economical reasons environmental reasons
  perhaps alone will motivate realizing of the
  goods transportation system for state or commune
  and maybe pedagogically most distinct. In
  ourselves we judge them being motives enough.
• According environmental motives if state or
  commune examines assumptions for investing in the
  system partly ought to be demanded that variable
  transportation costs will be enough low making
  possible for the system competing against car. If
  so will be the case transportation really will be
  transferred to the system where culvert is
  constructed. As to above we judge this good
  competitive strength for the system being
  obvious.

55
A 18. The goods transportation system ought to
motivate its costs only by environmental reasons
2 of 4

• Partly is demanded that a culvert net is possible
  to finance, but if environmental reasons alone
  will be able motivating the total sum of 50
  billion SEK according to above being needed for
  connecting of almost all working places in county
  of Stockholm to each others the investment
  already is provided for.
• The system thus powerfully and genuine will
  diminish car traffic. Many car transportation
  wholly will disappear, among others between lorry
  centrals and to commercial links which due to
  above will be superfluous. At the great majority
  of all goods transportations one wagon will
  replace one car furthermore energy consumption
  due to above will diminish to calculated about
  one hundredth. Heavy lorry transportation will be
  transferred combination transports between the
  system and railway and ships also with big
  environmental advantages.
• Transportation will disappear from streets and
  roads which also will diminish among others risks
  for accidents, noise and dust. Light
  transportation today especially is concentrated
  in central parts of cities furnishing working
  places with goods. These at high part will fall
  off.

56
A 18. The goods transportation system ought to
motivate its costs only by environmental reasons
3 of 4

• As comparison the now current large passer by
  motor way project west of the city of Stockholm,
  West Link, will cost about 28 billion SEK, that
  is more than half of the full scale investment
  for the goods transportation system between
  almost all working places in county of Stockholm.
  This motor way principally aims at moving car
  traffic out from centre and in many cases will
  lengthen driving distances.
• Added to that without hesitation comprehensive
  incomes and covering contribution of fixed costs
  will emerge for the system that will finance at
  least part of investment costs. At the fee for
  example assumed above (30 SEK plus 5 SEK per km
  at choice of high variable fee) these savings in
  our calculation many times over will finance all
  costs for the systems infrastructure
  investments.
• Added to that comes gigantic savings in other
  than transportation according to above, much
  larger than in traffic.

57
A 18. The goods transportation system ought to
motivate its costs only by environmental reasons
4 of 4

• If the low fee due to above is used, which is
  assumed, for example it will be possible for
  household making also small shopping profitable.
  Cheap commodities will be possible sending
  between households and to service and reparation.
  Prepared food, also in single portions,
  commercially can be sent from restaurants and
  licensed households still being warm at arriving
  at for example working places, care institutions
  and to other households.

58
A 19. The system will result in powerfully
increased incomes for the households and,
probably especially important for households,
strongly diminishing costs 1 of 2

• The system will result in powerfully increased
  incomes for households.
• Large parts of consumption for households consist
  of goods, for which prices dramatically will be
  lowered among others by cheaper logistics inside
  and between factories, falling off of often both
  wholesale and retail sale links and powerfully
  lowered costs in remaining retail units.
• - Of costs for a commodity cost for logistics
  normally stand for 30 to 50 percent, of which
  head part ought to be possible saving when the
  system is used.
• - Prices on goods further will diminish by
  falling off of other than logistics costs, for
  example for diminishing packing, stocking and
  locals in industry and trade and falling off of
  cashiers service when whole commercial links
  will be superfluous.
• Halving of goods prices often ought to be the
  case.

59
A 19. The system will result in powerfully
increased incomes for the households and,
probably especially important for households,
strongly diminishing costs 2 of 2

• Costs for resident will diminish depending on
  powerfully lowered costs for building.
  Construction thus in much is a question of
  logistics. Firstly many of these costs will
  diminish or fall off at manufacturing of building
  components, secondly at transportation to working
  places for construction and thirdly as costs for
  comprehensive unplanned goods transportation
  connected to building mostly of very small
  quantities of goods, today very expensive,
  dramatically ought to diminish.
• Goods transportation with car at among others
  shopping of goods will diminish. About 80 percent
  of daily goods shopping as mentioned today in
  Sweden is by car. Many households as result will
  sell the car, supported by attitudes in society
  favouring such acting.
• Tax burden ought to be possible lowering at
  unchanged standard on public sector, see below.
• Poorness will diminish both by increasing incomes
  and, not least, by the fact that savings, above
  mentioned, at high degree are valid for the bare
  necessities for life or are unavoidable (taxes).
• Social effects as result will be comprehensive
  and positive

60
A 20. Many other important advantages will arise
for households at connection to culvert 1 of 3

• Except for buying of traditional commodities
  households as above mentioned also will be able
  buying prepared foods from near situated
  restaurants or especially licensed households
  that still is warm when arriving by the system to
  among others them. Many peoples eating habits as
  result considerably ought to be better. This
  possibility probably will be most important for
  elderly and handicapped households.
• We believe that households at probably good
  competitive strength will start companies in
  preparing such food. Starting costs will be very
  low as households already dispose own kitchens.
  We furthermore believe that households today
  having difficulties in getting work on regular
  working market will contribute to such prepared
  foods activities. Arising extra incomes for these
  households probably will have great social and
  regional worth.
• Households ought to have possibilities competing
  also in many other branches of business.

61
A 20. Many other important advantages will arise
for households at connection to culvert 2 of 3

• By the system households will be able of sending
  commodities to service and repair and receiving
  them after finished work.
• Dispatching and collecting of mail and similar
  will be possible executing at households own
  terminals. Especially equipped wagons rolling
  from house to house will be able executing this
  services if desirably many times per day at
  extremely low cost.
• The system can be used for refuse transportations
  from households at if desired advanced
  sorting at source and possibilities of good
  regaining.
• Households at extremely low costs can send goods
  in between.
• Social problems often has its origin in bad
  economy for affected households. By the system
  these ought to diminish.
• Except for lowered costs and comprehensive social
  and regional advantages use of the system will
  mean increased convenience for households.

62
A 20. Many other important advantages will arise
for households at connection to culvert 3 of 3

• Old people (also in built up areas) will have
  possibility living longer in their dwellings as
  both providing of prepared warm food and other
  providing at high quality can be supplied by the
  system. They will be independent among others on
  nearness to shop. Their needs of care as result
  will diminish (part of work for home help is
  valid for supplying the households with food and
  other necessities).
• Handling incidents and working injuries ought to
  diminish as goods handling today often will mean
  heavy lifting, which in great part will fall off
  by the system.
• Traffic incidents will diminish caused by
  diminishing car traffic.
• Traffic queues will diminish by the system.
• Living on long distances from among others shops,
  also on distances being valid inside built up