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Can We Trust Luke as a Reliable Historian (cont

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Title: Can We Trust Luke as a Reliable Historian (cont


1
Can We Trust Luke as a Reliable Historian (contd)
  • We will explore this question focusing on the
    names/titles of Jesus
  • Jesus
  • Christ
  • Lord Jesus Christ
  • Application

2
Methods to Validate Historicity
  • Criterion of Consistency consistency of the
    account under study with known culture,
    geography, customs, agriculture, architecture,
    Botany, economics, language, law, personal
    names, politics, religion, society, topography,
    weather, etc.
  • Criterion of dissimilarity powerful tool when
    applied to Jesus distinctive teachings (next
    week)
  • Criterion of Multiple Attestation (next Week)

3
Onomastic Research Results
  1. There were a few extremely popular names so that
    almost 50 of the individuals bore these names.
  2. The list of high frequency names in Palestine is
    different from the list from Diaspora.
  3. High frequency names are often disambiguated.
  4. About 15 of individuals bore Greek first name
    (male 12, female 18).
  5. Double names in Palestine are of the form
    ltJewish namegt ltGreek namegt, rarely and perhaps
    never ltJewish namegtltJewish namegt.
  6. David, Moses, Elijah not used. These are
    eschatological figures.

4
Names Statistics NT vs Palestine
5
So Many Simons
  Mt Mk Lk Jn
Simon Peter Apostle mentioned mentioned mentioned mentioned
Simon the zealot /the canaanite 102-4   115  
Jesus' brother 1355 603    
Simon the leper 26 6-11 143-9   121-8
Simon the Cyrenean cross bearing 332      
Simon the Pharisee     740-44  
Father of Judas Iscariot       671124132,26
Sorcerer (Acts 89-24)        
6
Disambiguation of the Twelve (Mat 102-4)
7
Jesus Family (Mk 63, Mt 1355-56)(n) indicates
rank of popularity in Elans list of 3000
  • Mother Mary (1 )
  • Father Joseph (2 )
  • Jesus (6)
  • James (11)
  • Joseph (2)
  • Simon (1)
  • Judas (4)
  • Sisters unnamed
  • Mt 121 2She will give birth to a son, and you
    are to give him the name Jesus, because he will
    save his people from their sins.

8
Apocryphal Gospel of Thomas
  • Starting line These are the secret words
    which the living Jesus spoke, and Didymus Judas
    Thomas wrote them down.
  • The Hebraic name Judas should be first.
  • 3 names not heard of or very very rare
  • Thomas is Aramiac for Twin. John 1116,
    2024, 213
  • Didymus means twin in Greek
  • Early Church has a tradition that Thomas
    Hebraic name is Judas.

9
Heretical contents Of Apoc. Gospel of Thomas
  • Saying 114 (last line) Simon Peter said to
    him, "Let Mary leave us, for women are not worthy
    of life." Jesus said, "I myself shall lead her
    in order to make her male, so that she too may
    become a living spirit resembling you males. For
    every woman who will make herself male will enter
    the kingdom of heaven."
  • Saying 71 Jesus said, "I shall destroy this
    house, and no one will be able to build it
    ...." (rejects resurrection)
  • Saying 3 When you come to know yourselves, then
    you will become known, and you will realize that
    it is you who are the sons of the living father.
    (salvation by knowledge)

10
Apocryphal Gospel of Philip Showed Ignorance
  • The apostles who were before us had these names
    for him "Jesus, the Nazorean, Messiah", that is,
    "Jesus, the Nazorean, the Christ". The last name
    is "Christ", the first is "Jesus", that in the
    middle is "the Nazarene". "Messiah" has two
    meanings, both "the Christ" and "the measured".
    "Jesus" in Hebrew is "the redemption". "Nazara"
    is "the Truth". "The Nazarene" then, is "the
    Truth".
  • Scholars cannot find etymological reasons for
    Nazara to mean truth .

11
Jesus in Quoted Speech in Crowd situation
Disambiguated in 4 Gospels
  • The Gospel Writers called the main character
    Jesus, without qualification, because it is clear
    which Jesus the 4 writers referred to.
  • However, Peter Williams of Tyndale House in
    England notice that in quoted speech in a crowd
    situation, the name Jesus was properly
    disambiguated as expected!!
  • This shows that all 4 Gospel writers did not
    allow their own usage to be put of the mouths of
    the characters being portrayed.

12
Jesus IN Quoted Speech
  • Mt 216 They did just as Jesus had told them
  • The crowds say This is the prophet Jesus from
    Nazareth in Galilee (2111)
  • And Jesus went into the temple. (2112)

13
Jesus in Quoted Speech
  • Mt 2664 You have said so, Jesus replied
  • 2669 Now Peter was sitting out in the
    courtyard, and a servant girl came to him. You
    also were with Jesus of Galilee, she said.
  • 2671 Then he went out to the gateway, where
    another servant girl saw him and said to the
    people there, This fellow was with Jesus of
    Nazareth.
  • 2675 Then Peter remembered the word Jesus had
    spoken

14
Jesus in Quoted Speech in Matthew
  • 2717 Whom do you want me to release for you
    Barabbas or Jesus whop is called Christ?
  • 2722 What shall I do with Jesus who is called
    Christ?
  • 2737 This is Jesus the king of the Jews
  • 285 I know that you seek Jesus who was
    crucified.

15
Jesus in Quoted Speech in Mark
  • 124 What do we have to do with you, Jesus of
    Nazareth?
  • 1047 And hearing that it was Jesus of Nazareth
    he began to call out Son of David Jesus!
  • 1467 You were with the Nazarene Jesus
  • 166 You seek Jesus of Nazareth

16
Jesus in Quoted Speech in Luke
  • 434 What do we have to do with you, Jesus of
    Nazareth?
  • 828 What do I have to do with you, Jesus son of
    the Most High God?
  • 1713 Jesus teacher, have mercy on us
  • 1837 They told him Jesus the Nazarene was
    passing by and he called out saying, Jesus son
    of David, have mercy on me.
  • 2324 Jesus, remember me. (no need to qual.)
  • 2419 the things concerning Jesus of Nazareth

17
Jesus in Quoted Speech in John
  • 145 We have found the one that Moses in the law
    and the prophets wrote about Jesus the son of
    Joseph from Nazareth
  • 642 Isnt this the son of Joseph, whom we know?
  • 911 The man called Jesus made clay (no qual.
    Because blind man didnt know much
  • 185,7 Whom are you seeking? They replied Jesus
    of Nazareth
  • 1919 Jesus of Nazareth, the King of the Jews

18
Jesus and Christ in the 4 Gospels
  Occurrences of "Jesus" Occurrences of "Messiah" / "Christ" applied to Jesus
Matthew 225 14
Mark 214 6
Luke 239 12
John 283 12
19
(No Transcript)
20
Outsiders Preferred Christ
  • Acts 1126 The disciples were called Christians
    first at Antioch. (AD 46 or before)
  • Acts 2628 Then Agrippa said to Paul, Do you
    think that in such a short time you can persuade
    me to be a Christian?

21
Outsiders Preferred Christ
  • Josephus, Antiquities of the Jews, 20.200 (AD 93
    or 94)
  • Ananus - High Priest assembled the sanhedrim
    of judges, and brought before them the brother of
    Jesus, who was called Christ, whose name was
    James, and some others
  • Pliny, Letters To Emperor Gtrajan (AD113-116)
  • they were accustomed to meet on a fixed day
    before dawn and sing responsively a hymn to
    Christ as to a god
  • Tacitus, Annals, 15.44 (AD 109)
  • Nero fastened the guilt and inflicted the most
    exquisite tortures on a class hated for their
    abominations, called Christians by the populace.
    Christus, from whom the name had its origin,
    suffered the extreme penalty during the reign of
    Tiberius at the hands of one of our procurators,
    Pontius Pilatus

22
Lord Jesus Christ3-word confession
  • 0 time in Gospels
  • 83 times in the rest of the NT
  • 4 times in Acts
  • 66 times in Paul
  • 13 times in the rest of the NT
  • Note we count similar phrases e.g. Jesus Christ
    our Lord
  • What would explain the shift of usage from
    Gospels to the rest of NT?

23
What triggered the change of usage from
predominantly Jesus to Christ, Jesus
Christ, Lord Jesus Christ
  • Acts 222 ff
  • Jesus death and resurrection as fulfillment of
    Ps 168-11
  • Acts 2 33 ff
  • Jesus ascension and the giving of the Holy
    Spirit as fulfillment of Ps 1101

24
Acts 225ff - Ps 168-11 prophesized about the
Resurrection of the Messiah
  • David said about him
  • I saw the Lord always before me.    Because he
    is at my right hand,    I will not be
    shaken.26 Therefore my heart is glad and my
    tongue rejoices    my body also will rest in
    hope,27 because you will not abandon me to the
    realm of the dead,    you will not let your holy
    one see decay.28 You have made known to me the
    paths of life    you will fill me with joy in
    your presence.e
  • 29 Fellow Israelites, I can tell you confidently
    that the patriarch David died and was buried, and
    his tomb is here to this day. 30 But he was a
    prophet and knew that God had promised him on
    oath that he would place one of his descendants
    on his throne. 31 Seeing what was to come, he
    spoke of the resurrection of the Messiah, that he
    was not abandoned to the realm of the dead, nor
    did his body see decay. 32 God has raised this
    Jesus to life, and we are all witnesses of it.

25
Acts 233ff Ps 1101 prophesized about the
ascension of the Messiah
  • 33 Exalted to the right hand of God, he has
    received from the Father the promised Holy Spirit
    and has poured out what you now see and hear.
    34 For David did not ascend to heaven, and yet he
    said,
  • The Lord said to my Lord    Sit at my right
    hand35 until I make your enemies    a footstool
    for your feet.f
  • 36 Therefore let all Israel be assured of this
    God has made this Jesus, whom you crucified, both
    Lord and Messiah.

26
Philippians 25-11 Carmen Christi
  •  Who, being in very naturea God,    did not
    consider equality with God something to be used
    to his own advantage7 rather, he made himself
    nothing
    ?---- Jesus    by taking the very natureb of a
    servant,    being made in human likeness.8 And
    being found in appearance as a man,    he
    humbled himself    by becoming obedient to
    death
    ?-----Christ        even death on a cross!
  • 9 Therefore God exalted him to the highest
    place    and gave him the name that is above
    every name, ?--- Lord10 that at the name of
    Jesus every knee should bow,    in heaven and on
    earth and under the earth,11 and every tongue
    acknowledge that Jesus Christ is Lord,    to the
    glory of God the Father.

27
Hark the Herald Angels Sing Lk 211
  • Today in the town of David
  • a Savior has been born to you
    Jesus
  • he is the Messiah,
    Christ
  • the Lord.
    Lord
  • In a nutshell the angels in advance presented the
    gist of Peters sermon on Pentecost!
  • Carmen Christi is the liturical encapsulation of
    the same!

28
Application Tree for Lord Jesus Christ
  • Lord Jesus Christ
  • Jesus Lord Christ
  • Birth/Incarnation
    Death/Resurrection
  • Ascension/Pentecost/Rule/Satan Destruction
  • Humility
    Obedience Death to sin
  • Intercession Worship
    New Life
  • Service
    Missions

  • Hope
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