10/29/10%20BR-%20Where%20did%20the%20limestone%20blocks%20used%20to%20build%20the%20great%20pyramids%20(Khufu,%20Kephren,%20Menkaure)%20come%20from?

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10/29/10BR- Where did the limestone blocks used
to build the great pyramids (Khufu, Kephren,
Menkaure) come from?

• Today Understanding the Purpose and Content of
  the Egyptian Book of the Dead

• Late Work Is Due Monday, November 8

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The Egyptian Book of the Dead

• What we call the Egyptian Book of the Dead was
  known to the Egyptians as Reu nu pert em hru
  translated that means The Chapters of coming
  forth by day. It is a collection of chapters
  made up of magic spells and formulas. It was
  illustrated and written on papyrus. These papyri
  were commissioned by the deceased before their
  death. Like most products these text came in
  different qualities. You could commission the
  finest quality papyrus money could buy or you
  could purchase one "off the rack" and have a
  scribe fill in the blanks with your name.

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• This collection of funerary chapters began to
  appear in Egyptian tombs around 1600 BC. It can
  be thought of as the deceased's guidebook to a
  happy afterlife. The text was intended to be read
  by the deceased during their journey into the
  Underworld. It enabled the deceased to overcome
  obstacles and not lose their way. It did this by
  teaching passwords, giving clues, and revealing
  routes that would allow the deceased to answer
  questions and navigate around hazards. It would
  grant the help and protection of the gods while
  proclaiming the deceased's identity with the
  gods. The Papyrus of Ani is one of the finest and
  most complete examples of this type of Egyptian
  funerary text to survive. The Papyrus of Ani now
  resides in The British Museum, London.

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The Funeral Procession of the Royal Scribe
Ani.From the Papyrus of Ani. (c. 1400 B.C.)The
British Museum, London

• The Egyptians believed that the human soul used
  the first night after death to travel into the
  afterlife. However, the body, which the Egyptians
  believed was an essential element to the
  afterlife had to be mummified to preserve it for
  eternity. The mummification process took 72 days
  to perform properly. This was the time to put
  finishing touches on the tomb and to pack all the
  deceased's worldly possessions, which surely
  would be needed in the afterlife.

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The Funeral Procession of the Royal Scribe Ani.
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• There are men carrying more of Ani's belongings.
  The group of women in clothed in blue are a party
  of paid, professional mourners who wail and pat
  dirt on their heads. This was an Egyptian show of
  mourning. The cow and calf are food offerings
  that will be used for the funeral feast.
• Ani's mummy stands before the entrance of his
  tomb, in the protective embrace of Anubis. His
  wife mourns at his feet. Behind her are offerings
  and three priests. One reads from a papyrus,
  while the other two are about to perform an
  important ceremony called the "opening of the
  mouth and eyes." This ceremony was thought to
  restore the mummy's ability to see, breathe, eat
  and drink

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The Entrance to the Tomb
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The Hall of Maat

• The Hall of Maat is where the judgment of the
  dead was performed. This was done by weighing
  one's heart (conscience) against the feather of
  Maat (truth and justice). Here we see Anubis
  leading Ani to the scales of Maat. Anubis weights
  Anis heart against the feather to see if he is
  worthy of joining the gods in the Fields of
  Peace. Ammut is also present, as a demon waiting
  to devour Hunefer's heart should he prove
  unworthy. Thoth stands to the right of the scales
  recording the results. Having passed this test
  Ani is now lead by Horus to meet the King of the
  dead, Osiris. The throne of Osiris rests on a
  pool of water from which a lotus flower is
  growing, upon the lotus stand the four sons of
  Horus. Behind the throne of Osiris stands Isis
  and her sister Nephthys.

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Sekhet-Hetepet - The Fields of Peace.

• Ani pays his respects to the gods who dwell in
  Sekhet-Hetepet (Fields of Peace) and asks the
  gods to help him to enter into Sekhet-Hetepet so
  that he may "become a khu, drink, plow, reap,
  fight, make love, never be in a state of
  servitude and always be in a position of
  authority therein".

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Stage 1 - Weighing of the heart

• Like you saw above this is where the heart was
  weighed but, the book could offer spells to
  help balance the equation.
• O my heart which I had from my mother! O my heart
  of different ages! Do not stand up as a witness
  against me, do not be opposed to me in the
  tribunal, do not be hostile to me in the presence
  of the keeper of the balance, for you are my ka
  which was in my body, the protector who made my
  members hale. Go forth to the happy place whereto
  we speed, do not tell lies about me in the
  presence of the god it is indeed well that you
  should hear!

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Other Stages - Guardians

• On the journey to the fields of peace, the
  persons soul would have to pass by several
  guardians or gatekeepers using secret words.
• The third gate the name of its gatekeeper is
  'One who eats the Putrefaction of his Posterior'
  the name of its guardian is 'Alert of Face' the
  name of the announcer in it is 'Gateway'.Words
  spoken by the Osiris-name, the justified, when
  arriving at the gate 'I am the secret one of the
  cloudburst, the one who separated the Two
  Companions. It is in order that I might drive
  away evil from Osiris that I have come. I am the
  one who clothed his own standard, who emerges in
  the Wereret-Crown. I have established offerings
  in Abydos. Open the way for me in Rosetjau
  because I have relieved the sickness in Osiris. I
  have painted his perch. Make way for me so that
  he might shine in Rosetjau.

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Last stage - 42 Confessions

• In the final stage the person had to make 42
  negative confessions. The book would help them
  make these confessions.
• Wide-of-stride who comes from On I have not done
  evil.
• Flame-grasper who comes from Kheraha I have not
  robbed.
• Long-nosed who comes from Khmun I have not
  coveted.
• Shadow-eater who comes from the cave I have not
  stolen.
• Savage-faced who comes from Rosetjau I have not
  killed people...

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Links..

• http//web.ukonline.co.uk/gavin.egypt/papyrus.htm
• http//www.egyptartsite.com/ani.html

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Homework- 30 PointsExplain each of the chapters
of the Egyptian Book of the Dead

• Introduction and overall purpose
• What it was made of and how you got them
• Funeral Procession
• Entrance to the Tomb
• Hall of Maat
• Weighing of the Heart
• Guardians
• 42 Confessions
• Sekhet Hetepet