List three facts about Philip of Macedonia.

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Philip of Macedon
List three facts about Philip of Macedonia.
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Section One Philip II of Macedonia
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• By 338 B.C. Greece had a new ruler, Philip II
  of Macedonia. Philip became ruler of
  Macedonia in 359 B.C.
• In his youth he was held hostagea person held
  by an enemy until certain promises are carried
  outfor three years in Thebes.
• Phillip learned to love Greek culture, but
  also to dislike the weaknesses of the Greek
  form of government.
• It took him a little more than 20 years to reach
  
  his goal of
  unifying the Greek city-states. He
  
  accomplished this in a number of ways
• He changed the Macedonian army from part-time
  
  volunteers to a year-round,
  well-organized group
  
  of professionals.
• Phillip developed an infantry formation called a
  phalanx, a solid body formed by foot soldiers 16
  rows deep. He armed his soldiers with spears that
  were twice as long as most, and trained some with
  slingshots and bows and arrows.

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• He flattered Greek officials and provoked
  
  disagreements among the Greek city-states.
  
  When the city-states were weak
  from fighting
  each other,
  his army conquered them.
• He used marriage as a way of forming
  
  political alliances, or
  partnerships.
• Demosthenes, an Athenian orator, or public
  speaker, tried unsuccessfully to warn the Greeks
  that Philip was dangerous.
• Thebes and Athens tried to stop Philips
  invasion into central Greece in 338 B.C. The
  Greek army was defeated at the Battle of
  Chaeronea. Philip was killed in 336 B.C. while
  preparing for a military campaign against
  Persia.
• His son, Alexander, took over the throne.

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CARICATURE of Philip of Macedonia
He learned to dislike the weaknesses of Greek
democracy.
Demosthenes tried to warn the Greeks he was
dangerous.
He developed an infantry formation called the
phalanx.
He saw marriage as a way to form political
alliances.
He flattered local officials and gave them gold.
GREECE
He outfitted his men with 14 foot spears called
sarissas.
He made treaties with Greek leaders and broke
them when the Greeks let down their guard.
He learned to love Greek culture.
He was held hostage for 3 years in Thebes.
Soldiers trained to use slingshots were part of
his army.
He turned the part-time volunteer army who fought
only in the summer into a year-round professional
army.
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Section Two Alexander the Great
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• Alexander, an army commander since age 16,
  took over Philips throne at age 20.
• He had studied literature, political science,
  geography, and biology with Aristotle for
  three years. Because of this, Alexander
  included philosophers and scientists in his
  army.
• He crushed the Persian Empire and marched
  as far east as northern India without ever
  losing a battle.
• Alexander believed that his dream of a
  worldwide state of peace could only be
  achieved by uniting the Macedonians,
  
  the Greeks, and
  the Persians.
• He married a Persian woman and encouraged
  
  his officers to do the same.
• When he claimed to be a god, the Macedonians
  
  and Greeks refused to treat
  him as such.

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• The Greeks objected to equal treatment
  for Persians and looked down on people
  
  who did not speak Greek or
  follow Greek
  
  customs. They called such people barbaroi,
  
  from which the
  word barbarians comes.
• Alexanders attempt to achieve unity among
  
  the people
  in his empire was not successful.
• Alexander founded about 70 cities, 16 of
  which were named Alexandria after himself.
• The most important of these cities was
  Alexandria in Egypt. It quickly became a
  center of trade and learning.
• The city had two great harbors dominated by a
  lighthouse 400 feet tall.
• The library at Alexandria held the largest
  collection of books in ancient times.

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In 323 B.C. Alexander became ill and died at
the age of 33. After his death,
fighting broke out over who was to rule the
empire. The areas in India returned to
their original rulers. Three of
Alexanders generals divided the r est of the
empire among themselves. Antigonus became
king of Macedonia. Ptolemy established the
dynasty of the Ptolemies in Egypt.
Seleucus formed the Seleucid Empire in
Persia. Athens and Sparta again became
independent, while other city-states banded
together into one of two leagues. Greek cultural
influence, however, became stronger than ever.
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• The cities that had been part of Alexanders
  
  empire now existed chiefly for
  trade.
• City officials made their law, language,
  
  calendar, culture, customs, and
  coins Greek.
• The Greek city-states regained their political
  
  independence, but could not gain back the
  power
  of the past.
• Great factories, or places where goods are
  made, had been built in the new Hellenistic
  cities. Greek manufacturers could not
  compete with these factories.
• Many young Greeks emigrated, or left one
  place to settle in another.
• By 146 B.C., most of the Greek city-states were
  under Roman control.

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Critical Thinking Questions