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Title: Leaving The Middle Ages


1
Leaving The Middle Ages
Unit 5 Conclusion
2
Goals and Objectives
WH.H.3 Understand how conflict and innovation influenced political, religious, economic and social changes in medieval civilizations.
WH.H.4 Analyze the political, economic, social and cultural factors that lead to the development of the first age of global interaction.
WH.H.4.3 Explain the political, social and economic reasons for the rise of powerful centralized nation-states and empires
3
Students will know
  • The importance of the rise of nation-states of
    Europe.
  • That with the rise of national monarchies, two
    themes dominate the political life of the High
    Middle Ages
  • 1) the successful development of national
    monarchies in England and France, with medieval
    England laying the foundations for a
    parliamentary monarchy and France establishing
    the basis for absolutism
  • 2) the failure to develop national monarchies in
    Germany and Italy.

4
Effects of the Crusades
  • Negatives
  • Weakened the Byzantine Empire, the Pope and
    nobles
  • Kings become stronger
  • Leaves a legacy of bitterness between the
    Christians, Jews and the Muslims
  • Positives
  • Stimulated trade throughout the Mediterranean and
    Middle East
  • Europe learns much from the Muslims

5
Causes of the Hundred Years War The Plague
  • Between 1347 and 1351, 38 million out of a
    population of 75 million died of the plague.
  • Reactions to the plague
  • anti-Semitism
  • the shortage of workers led to a rise in the cost
    of labor - many peasants became free from
    serfdom.

6
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7
Causes of the Hundred Years War The Decline of
Church Power
  • To get more revenue, French king Phillip IV began
    to tax the clergy.
  • Pope Boniface VIII said the clergy did not have
    to pay taxes without the consent of the pope.
  • King Phillip sent the French army to bring Pope
    Boniface to France for trial.
  • Pope Boniface died and a Frenchman, Clement V
    became pope.
  • The papacy moved to Avignon, France from 1305 to
    1337.
  • This caused a split in the church (The Great
    Schism) until 1417.
  • Popes no longer could tell kings what to do.

8
Causes of the Hundred Years War Political
Instability
  • English kings were technically the vassals of
    French kings.
  • William the conqueror of England came from
    Normandy, a territory of France.
  • Eleanor of Aquitaine was been married to King
    Louis VII of France at 15. When he divorced her,
    she married Henry Plantagenet, the Duke of
    Normandy.
  • He later became king of England, Henry II, and
    two of her sons were kings of England, Richard
    (the Lionhearted) and John.

9
Causes of the Hundred Years War Annexation of
Gascony
  • At one time, English kings owned more land in
    France than the French kings.
  • But, by 1337, the only English owned land was the
    Duchy of Gascony and as Duke of Gascony, the
    English king Edward III pledges loyalty to King
    Phillip IV of France.
  • In 1337, Phillip seized Gascony. Edward declared
    war on Phillip. This war lasted until 1453 and
    is known as the Hundred Years War.

10
The Hundred Years War
  • The French relied on their knights to lead the
    army. These heavily armored cavalry looked down
    on the peasant foot soldiers.
  • The English also had knights, but paid large
    numbers of foot soldiers, especially archers who
    were armed with the longbow.
  • The long bow had greater striking power, firing
    range, and faster speed of fire then the French
    crossbow.

11
Early Battles - Crecy
  • By 1347, English king Edward had died and Henry V
    became king. Henry was determined to take over
    France.
  • Crecy (1347) - The French army was much larger
    than the English.
  • The French attacked, but English archers
    decimated the French knights.
  • The English won the battle, but were not strong
    enough to defeat France conquer France.

12
Battle of Crecy
  • Some highlights of the battle of Crécy -
    referenced from the works of Jean Froissant, The
    Longbow by Robert Hardy and The Medieval Archer
    by Jim Bradbury
  • French forces numbered approximately 36,000,
    English forces numbered 12,000 of which
    approximately 7,000 were archers.
  • Each English archer carried 2 sheaves of arrows
    (48) into battle.
  • The bow draw weights were normally from 80 to 120
    lbs, shooting arrows, 250 to 300 yards at a rate
    of 10 arrows per minute.
  • The total number of arrows shot during the battle
    is estimated at a half million.
  • There were 14 to 16 charges made against the
    English lines from the start of the battle at
    400 PM until the completion at midnight.
  • Casualties were estimated from 5,000 (low) to
    10,000 or more (high) for the French Knights and
    Genoese crossbowmen. English casualties were
    several hundred.

13
Early Battles - Agincourt
  • October 25, 1415 (Saint Crispin's Day).
  • In the play Henry V by William Shakespeare, Henry
    says,
  • "We few, we happy few, we band of brothers."
  • The French outnumbered the English by around 3 to
    1.
  • Heavily armored French Knights try to attack
    through the mud as Henrys archers slaughter the
    knights.
  • It was a one-sided English victory.

14
France after Agincourt
  • The English controlled the northern and western
    coasts of France.
  • The Burgundians, English allies controlled much
    of northeastern france.
  • France was divided over who should be king.

15
Joan of Arc
Joan of Arc (Jeanne dArc, 1412-1431) was the
daughter of peasants. She was deeply religious
and had visions of saints that commanded her to
free France. She made her way to dauphin (prince)
Charles court and persuaded him to let her
accompany the army to Orleans to fight the
English.
16
Joan of Arc (continued)
  • When Joan joined the army at Orleans, she became
    the standard bearer and sat in on councils with
    the officer.
  • Inspired by Joans faith, the French were able to
    take Orleans from the English.
  • Joan was captured by the Burgundians the next
    year (1430) and turned over to the British.

17
Joan of Arc (continued)
  • The English turned Joan over to church officials
    to be tried by the Inquisition on heresy and
    witchcraft charges.
  • Joan was found guilty and burned at the stake in
    1431.
  • Joan was considered a martyr by the France.
  • Her death united the French more than any king
    ever had.
  • Video

18
Effects of the Hundred Years War The End of the
War
  • Gunpowder, firearms and cannons developed during
    the war. (Thanks China!)
  • 1435 - Burgundy switches sides from the English
    to the French.
  • 1453 - at the last battle of the war, Castillon,
    the French use of the cannon was a decisive
    factor.

19
Effects of the War - France
  • Many of the vestiges of feudalism were destroyed
    by the war.
  • The ideal of nationalism grew above loyalty to
    lords and manors.
  • Kings were using taxes to raise armies and no
    longer relied on nobles to supply them with
    knights.
  • The kings power grew to the point of an absolute
    monarchy with the belief in Divine Right.

20
Effects of the War - England
  • After the defeat, England broke out into a civil
    war, The War of the Roses, over who should be the
    king of England.
  • Henry Tutor won in 1485 becoming Henry VII and
    establishing the Tutor dynasty.
  • Henry abolished the private armies of the
    nobility and cut taxes on the nobility and middle
    class.

21
Effects of the War - Spain
  • Muslims, called Moors, from North Africa had
    conquered much of Spain by 725. Several
    Christian kingdoms arose and fought to regain
    their lands from the Moors.
  • The two strongest kingdoms were Castille and
    Aragon. Fearing the strength of a united France,
    they combined with the marriage of Isabella of
    Castille and Ferdinand of Aragon in 1469.
  • This united kingdom of Spain was able to drive
    out the Moors in 1492. The same year they
    financed a Genoese sailor named Christopher
    Columbus.

22
Conclusion
  • The Hundred Years War marks the end of the
    Middle Ages in Europe. At the end of the war, a
    new interest in ancient cultures called the
    Renaissance develops ushering in the Modern Era.
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