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Document and Handwriting Analysis

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Title: Document and Handwriting Analysis


1
Document and Handwriting Analysis
  • Forgery has been practiced since the beginning of
    writing. Under Roman Law, the Code of Justinian
    enacted in AD 539 stated that handwriting should
    be compared in the case of public documents and
    private instruments where an advantage could be
    gained. The code ordered that experts be used.

2
Essential Questions
  • How can an expert analyst individualize
    handwriting to a particular person?
  • What types of evidence are submitted to the
    document analyst?
  • What are the three types of Forgery?
  • How are different types of paper and ink
    characterized?
  • What significant features are indicative of
    counterfeit money?

3
Documents as EvidenceHow do investigators
examine questionable documents?
  • When questioned documents are examined, various
    investigations are done
  • Verification of handwriting and signatures
  • Authenticating documents
  • Characterizing pigments, paper and inks used in
    writing utensils, instruments, and copy machines
  • Restoring erased and obliterated writing
  • Determining the relative age of the documents and
    inks

4
Handwriting IndividualityHow can we use
handwriting to identify a person?
  • Handwriting is one of the few definitive unique
    characteristics available to an investigator
  • Childhood writing habits carry over into our
    adult years and are called class characteristics
  • The knowledge of how to write becomes
    subconscious and we develop nuances in our
    writing
  • Combinations of unique features gives our
    handwriting individual characteristics
  • With enough evidence and exemplars, a document
    expert may be able to present handwriting as
    individual evidence in a court of law.

5
Analysis of Handwriting How is handwriting
analyzed?
  • Handwriting experts may be able to make a
    positive identification if there are enough
    samples for examination and enough exemplars.

6
12 characteristics of examination
  • 1. Line quality - Irregular, laborious, shaky,
    lack of rhythm
  • 2. Spacing of words or letters -Larger, wider,
    higher, inconsistent, different spacing after
    caps
  • 3. Ratio of relative height width and size of
    letters - Wider M's and W's, more squared or
    wedge-shaped stokes
  • 4. Pen Lifts and separations - Frequent lifts
    off paper

7
12 characteristics of examination
  • 5.Connecting strokes Wider spacing between,
    more squared, shorter, or broken loops
  • 6. Beginning and ending strokes - Heavier
    pressure, blobbed, vertical position change or
    slanting
  • 7. Unusual letter formation - More teardrop or
    egg-shaped, frequent counterclockwise formations
  • 8. Shading or pen pressure - Heavier than usual

8
12 characteristics of examination
  • 9. Slant - Greater than 5 degree change,
    other-hand slanting
  • 10. Baseline habits - Change in baseline habits,
    more downward slants from baseline
  • 11. Flourishes or embellishments - formal
    signature used, often retracing strokes, foreign
    marks present
  • 12. Placement of diacritics - Heavier
    t-crossings and i-dots, position placement
    changes

9
Methods of ForgeryWhat are the three types of
Forgery?
  • The most common forgery is a signature!
  • There are 3 types of forgery
  • 1 blind forgery, one made without a model of
    the signature or writing
  • 2 simulated forgery, one made by copying a
    genuine signature
  • 3 traced forgery, one made by tracing a
    signature

10
ObliterationsHow can we tell if a document was
changed?
  • Often documents are changed after preparation.
    Common methods include
  • Physically erasing with a rubber eraser
  • Scraping the ink off the paper surface
  • Chemical methods
  • Microscopic examination or UV light may reveal
    the alteration.
  • Digital image processing make obliterations more
    visible through lightening, darkening, contrast,
    and filters.

11
IndentationsHow do scientists read indented
writing?
  • Often an indented impression is left on paper
    beneath the primary writing because of the
    pressure of the writing utensil.
  • Indentations increase a papers capacity to hold
    an electrostatic charge
  • Pouring toner powder from a copy machine over a
    charged sheet of plastic covering the paper can
    create and image which is then photographed.

12
Drawing personality inferences from handwriting
samples
  • Graphology systems tend to be one of three types
  • (1) those based on individual letter formations
  • (2) those based on stroke analysis
  • (3) those based on an holistic method
  • Private business companies use it routinely
  • - Has the most validity with the following
    intelligence attitude toward work and
    interpersonal skills.
  • Recent developments have focused on "profiling"
    of un-captured criminals and sex offenders

13
                                                                                                                                                                       
                                                                                                                                                                       
                                                                                                                                                                       
                                                                                                                                                                       

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17
Individualizing Typing and PrintingWhat can we
tell out the printed document?
  • Investigators can often individualize typewriters
    through wear and defects in the typeface and
    misalignment of characters
  • The FBI maintains a library of makes, models and
    font types
  • Color printers and photocopiers may add a pattern
    of minuscule yellow dots to the printout,
    encoding the printers serial number ..
  • Debris, gripper marks, platen defects, and dirt
    can all contribute to what are termed trash
    marks on copies from a copier.

18
Paper and InksWhat kind of information can we
get from the paper?
  • Paper is made from wood pulp and may contain
    chemicals or additive, such as cotton fibers.
  • 25-50 cotton is called bond paper
  • Mechanically produced wood pulp paper is used in
    newspapers
  • Stationary is chemically treated with sulfate
  • Some manufactures include watermarks that
    indicate when and where the paper was
    manufactured
  • The Forensic Scientist will look at the following
    characteristics to identify paper
  • Raw material the paper is made from
  • Color
  • Density
  • Watermarks
  • Dyes or bleaches
  • Fluorescence under UV light
  • Paper thickness

19
Paper and InksWhat kind of information can we
get from the ink?
  • Investigators often compare inks by their
    composition.
  • Establish how long it has been on paper

20
CounterfeitingHow can you tell if money has been
counterfeited?
  • Counterfeit Money
  • Fake the look of these fibers by printing red and
    blue lines
  • Lines in the outer margin and scrollwork may be
    blurred or indistinct
  • Serial numbers may differ in color or shade of
    ink from the Treasury Seal. The number may not be
    uniformly spaced or aligned.
  • Seals may have uneven, blunt, or broken saw tooth
    points
  • Portrait is usually lifeless and flat. Details
    merge into the background, which can be dark and
    mottled.
  • Genuine Currency
  • paper has tiny red and blue fibers embedded
    throughout
  • fine border lines are clear and unbroken
  • Serial numbers nave a distinctive style and are
    evenly spaced. Printed in the same ink color as
    the Treasury Seal
  • The saw tooth points of the Federal Reserve and
    Treasury Seals are clear, distinct, and sharp
  • Genuine portrait appears lifelike and stands out
    distinctly from the background

21
Comparing Money..
22
What's wrong with this bill?
  • March 2006
  • A man was arrested for possessing 250 of these.
    Why?
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