The Civil War 1861 - 1865

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The Civil War1861 - 1865
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A. The Beginning Fort Sumter
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Lincolns Inauguration

• March 4, 1861
• 7 states have seceded
• Lincoln does not believe they had the authority
• Does not want war
• Only Ft. Sumter Ft.
• Pickens still under
• Federal control

I hold that in contemplation of universal law
and of the Constitution the Union of these States
is perpetual. Perpetuity is implied, if not
expressed, in the fundamental law of all national
governments
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The Confederate States of America

• Eventually 11 states
• Capital initially Montgomery, AL
• Will move to Richmond, VA after the secession of
  VA
• Jefferson Davis is the President
• Government similar to Articles of Confederation

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Ft. Sumter April 12, 1861

• Fort surrenders April 14
• Lincoln calls up the army
• Final 4 states secede
• Civil War begins

• Lincoln tries to send provisions
• Confederacy sees this as a sign of aggression
• SC militia attacks the Fort

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B. The Union vs. The Confederacy
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See Handouts
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Why did it take the North 4 years to win?

• Leaders
• South had much better leadership from the get-go
• North would not find an effective leader until
  1863
• South just had to defend its territory
• North had to conquer 11 states

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Confederate Generals
George Pickett
PGT Beauregard
Thomas Stonewall Jackson
Nathan Bedford Forrest
West Point Graduate Served in Mex-Am War Won Ft.
Sumter Won 1st Battle of Bull Run
West Point Graduate Served in Mex-Am War Tactical
Genius
West Point Graduate Served in Mex-Am War
Wealthy Planter Later started the KKK
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Robert E. Lee

• Attended West Point
• Served in Mex-Am War
• Lincoln asked him to head Union Army
• Chose to follow VA
• Man in charge of Confederate Army

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Union Generals
George McClellan
Winfield Scott
War of 1812 Black Hawk War Seminole War Mex-Am
War
He is 74 years old Incapable of going to battle
West Point Mex-Am War Overcautious Unaggressive
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C. War in the East the Anaconda Plan
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The Anaconda Plan

• Proposed by Winfield Scott
• Realized it would take time to defeat the CSA
• 2 Part Plan
• Blockade the South
• Take control of the Mississippi
• Never called for a direct invasion

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• Lincoln put Blockade into place 4/19/61
• Hard to enforce
• 3,500 miles of coastline
• 90 ships
• Cut off all imports exports
• to the CSA
• Britain refused to violate

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• Blockade eventually very effective
• Part 2 not followed until late 1862
• Lincoln decides instead to invade

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Battle of Bull Run (7/21/61)a.k.a. First
Manassas

• North thought victory would be swift easy
• Lincoln ordered invasion
• Union lost
• Impact
• North realized this would be a long fight began
  to prepare

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Battle of the Ironclads (3/8-9/62)Monitor v.
Merrimack (Virginia)

• 1st battle of iron re-enforced ships
• Armored ships with a ram on the front

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• March 8 Virginia was trying to disrupt the
  blockade in the Chesapeake Bay
• Inflicted huge damage to U.S.
• Navy
• March 9 Monitor arrives
• Spend the day ramming
• each other
• Neither wins
• Dramatically changes naval warfare

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The Peninsula CampaignApril 5-July 1, 1862

• McClellan now in charge of the Union Army
• Ordered to capture Richmond
• Afraid to have frontal assault
• Invades up the Peninsula
• Encounters Lee
• Loses is fired

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Second Bull Run (8/28-30/62)

• John Pope now in charge of Union Army
• Engages Lee at Manassas
• Loses, retreats to D.C., is fired
• McClellan put back in charge

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Antietam (9/17/62)

• Bloodiest single day of fighting of the entire
  war
• Lee decides to invade the North
• Persuade Border states to join the CSA
• Gain British aid
• Capture D.C.

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• The Union won
• 1st real victory
• McClellan failed to pursue the Confederates
  across the Potomac
• Fired again
• Britain would not intervene to help the CSA

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D.The War in the West
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Ulysses S. Grant

• West Point graduate
• Served in Mex-Am War
• Forced to resign from the army in 1854
• Rejoined with the start of the Civil War
• Sent to the West where he will become a hero

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Grants Victories in the West

• Forts Donelson Henry captured in Feb 1862
• Allowed access to the Tennessee Cumberland
  Rivers
• Allowed Union to capture Nashville most of TN
• Kentucky now secure

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• Shiloh (April 6 7, 1862)
• Fought against Gen. Beauregard
• Won
• Bloodiest battle of the war
• New Orleans captured April 29 by the Navy
• Grant ordered to take control of the Mississippi

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E. The Emancipation Proclamation
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The Proclamation

• Lincoln announced on September 23, 1862
• All slaves in rebellious areas would become free
  on January 1, 1863
• Warning to the South
• Main purpose make sure
• Britain would not aid the CSA
• Constitutionality
• questionable

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Reaction

• North has a mixed reaction
• Abolitionists felt it wasnt enough
• Some worry about the Border States
• Racism increases because of worry of increasing
  numbers of African-Americans
• South FURIOUS
• Europeans most
• important
• Will now not intervene

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F. The Soldiers
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Johnny Reb Billy Yank

• Over 3 million men served in the Civil War
• Chances in the War
• 1 out of every 6.7 wounded
• 1 out of every 38 would die of his wounds
• 1 out every 42.7 killed in battle
• 1 out of every 10 captured
• 1 out of every 7 captured died in prison

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Confederate Draft

• Initially relied on volunteers
• Draft brought in April 1862
• Any man age 17-50
• Ways around the draft
• 1 exemption for every 20 slave owned
• Hire a substitute
• Became Rich mans war, but a poor mans fight

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Union Draft

• Initially relied on volunteers
• 90 would be volunteers
• 1st conscription law passed March
• 1863
• Ways around the Draft
• Hire a substitute
• Buy an exemption (300)
• Rich mans war, but a poor mans
• fight

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Draft Riots

• Spring Summer 1863 draft riots across the North
• Most protesting b/c this is now a fight about
  slavery
• Most riots in Democratic areas

• Largest was in NYC

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Enlistment of African-Americans

• African-Americans initially not allowed to enlist
  as soldiers
• Served in Navy as laborers, cooks, firemen
• After Emancipation Proc, African-Americans were
  enlisted
• 180,000 total served

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G.Effects of the War
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Legislation Passed

• 1861 Morrill Tariff Act (raises the tariff)
• 1862 Homestead Act (free land out west)
• 1862 Legal Tender Act (print greenbacks)
• 1862 Morrill Land Grant Act (building colleges)
• 1863 Pacific Railway Act (transcontinental RR)
• 1863 National Bank Act (create banks national
  currency)

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The Economy

• North prospered
• South fell apart
• Women saw expanded roles in both North South
• Inflation was a problem for both
• 90 in the North
• 9000 in the South

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Limitation on Liberties

• In times of war limitations are placed on
  peoples rights
• Violations of Constitution
• Blockade of the South
• Suspended Habeas Corpus
• Supervised voting in Border States

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H. Turning Points of the War
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Vicksburg

• Grant needs Vicksburg to have control of
  Mississippi river
• Frontal attacks did not work
• Laid siege May 19-July 4, 1863
• Wins control of Vicksburg
• Wins control of the Mississippi
• South cut into 2
• Vital food supply line cut off

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Gettysburg

• Lee decides to again invade the North
• Foreign Aid
• Force a negotiated peace
• July 1-3, 1863 fights in Pennsylvania
• Meade in control of Union army
• Union wins
• Significance
• Lee now only defensive
• Coupled with Vicksburg,
• South now losing

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Gettysburg Address

• Speech given by Lincoln Nov. 19, 1863
• Outlines the goal of the Federal government
• EQUALITY
• The U.S. is a nation not a union of autonomous
  states

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Grant vs. Lee

• After Vicksburg, Grant in charge of Union army
• Moves to the East
• Fights a war of attrition
• Destroy strategic, economic, and psychological
  capacity for war

• Able to defeat Lee numerous times
• Gets stuck in Petersburg 1864

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William Tecumseh Sherman

• Chosen by Grant to capture the deep South
• Marches from TN to GA capture Atlanta (1864)
• Uses a Scorched Earth Policy
• Burns Atlanta

• Turns East
• toward Savannah
• Shermans March to the Sea Nov 15 Dec 22,1864
• Ordered his troops to burn crops, kill livestock,
  consume supplies, and destroy civilian
  infrastructure along their path

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I. The Election of 1864
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The Candidates

• Lincoln v. McClellan
• McClellan runs on a platform of cease-fire
  peace talks
• Lincoln doesnt think hell win
• High casualty rate
• Low Morale
• Sherman wins Atlanta
• Lincoln wins

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Lincolns 2nd Inauguration

• Outlines his Reconstruction Plan
• With malice toward none, with charity for
  alllet usbind up the nations wounds.

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J. The End of It All
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Richmond Falls

• Grant laid siege at Petersburg June 1864
• Lee abandons both Petersburg Richmond April 2,
  1865

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Lee Surrenders

• Grant pursues Lee to Appomattox Courthouse
• Lee surrenders to Grant April 9, 1865
• War is over

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See Handouts
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Lincolns Assassination

• April 14, 1865 Lincoln at Fords Theatre
• Shot in the head
• Died the next morning

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