PowerPoint to accompany

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Joints of the Skeletal System
Chapter 8
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Chapter 8Joints of the Skeletal System

• Joints/Articulations
• Junctions between bones
• Ligaments connect bone to bone
• Functions
• Bind parts of skeletal system together
• Enable body to move in response to skeletal
  muscle contraction
• Make bone growth possible
• Permit parts of the skeleton to change shape
  during childbirth

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Classification of Joints

• Joint Composition Classification
• Fibrous Joints
• dense connective tissues connect bones
• between bones in close contact

• Movement Classification
• synarthrotic
• immovable
• amphiarthrotic
• slightly movable
• diarthrotic
• freely movable

• Cartilaginous Joints
• hyaline cartilage or fibrocartilage connect bones

• Synovial Joints
• most complex
• Contains synovial fluid
• allow free movement

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Fibrous Joints

• 3 Types
• Syndesmosis
• Suture
• Gomphosis

• Syndesmosis
• long fibers connect bones
• amphiarthrotic
• distal ends of tibia and fibula

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Fibrous Joints

• Suture
• between flat bones
• synarthrotic
• thin layer of connective tissue connects bones

• Gomphosis
• cone-shaped bony process in a socket
• tooth in jawbone
• synarthrotic

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Cartilaginous Joints

• 2 Types
• Synchondrosis
• Symphysis

• Synchondrosis
• bands of hyaline cartilage unite bones
• between manubrium and first rib
• amphiarthrotic

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Cartilaginous Joints

• Symphysis
• pad of fibrocartilage between bones
• pubis symphysis
• joint between bodies of vertebrae
• amphiarthrotic

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Synovial Joints

• diarthrotic
• joint capsule
• joint cavity
• synovial fluid
• lubrication
• synovial membrane
• bursae
• fluid filled sac
• Cushions/aids movement of tendons over things

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Types of Synovial Joints

• Condyloid Joint
• moves up/down left/right
• between metacarpals and phalanges

• Ball-and-Socket Joint
• moves in all directions
• hip
• shoulder

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Types of Synovial Joints

• Hinge Joint
• flex/extend
• elbow
• between phalanges

• Gliding Joint
• sliding or twisting
• between carpals
• between tarsals

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Types of Synovial Joints

• Pivot Joint
• rotation
• between proximal ends of radius and ulna
• atlas and axis

• Saddle Joint
• back/forth, side/side
• between carpal and metacarpal of thumb

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Types of Joint Movements

• abduction/adduction
• dorsiflexion/plantarflexion
• flexion/extension/hyperextension

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Types of Joint Movements

• rotation/circumduction
• supination/pronation

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Types of Joint Movements

• eversion/inversion
• protraction/retraction
• elevation/depression

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Shoulder Joint

• ball-and-socket
• head of humerus
• glenoid cavity of scapula
• loose joint capsule
• bursae
• ligaments prevent displacement
• very wide range of movement

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Shoulder Joint
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Elbow Joint

• hinge joint
• trochlea of humerus
• trochlear notch of ulna
• gliding joint
• capitulum of humerus
• head of radius
• pivot joint
• radius, ulna
• flexion and extension, rotation
• many reinforcing ligaments
• stable joint

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Elbow Joint
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Hip Joint

• ball-and-socket joint
• head of femur
• acetabulum
• heavy joint capsule
• many reinforcing ligaments
• less freedom of movement than shoulder joint

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Hip Joint
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Knee Joint

• largest joint
• most complex
• modified hinge joint
• menisci separate femur and tibia
• medial and lateral condyles of distal end of
  femur
• medial and lateral condyles of proximal end of
  tibia
• femur articulates anteriorly with patella
• flexion/extension/little rotation
• strengthened by many ligaments and tendons
• bursae

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Knee Joint
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Life-Span Changes

• Joint stiffness is an early sign of aging
• Regular exercise can prevent stiffness
• Changes in symphysis joints of vertebral column
  diminish flexibility and decrease height
• Synovial joints lose elasticity

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Sprains

• damage to cartilage, ligaments, or tendons
  associated with joints
• forceful twisting of joint

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Bursitis

• inflammation of a bursa
• overuse of a joint

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Arthritis

• inflamed, swollen, painful joints
• Rheumatoid Arthritis
• Osteoarthritis
• Gout

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Dislocation

• bones are no longer in their normal position
• joint capsule and ligaments tear
• may be nerve damage