2.2 Major changes over time

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2.2 Major changes over time
How does consumption and habitation patterns
impact reuse? What footprints are left?
Source Rathnabharathie and Kariyawasam, 2007
Learning objective gradual long-term changes in
sanitation arrangements and tracing origins of
change.
Jan-Olof Drangert, Linköping University, Sweden
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Was the strong link between water and sanitation
in the 20th century a brief detour in human
history?
Most common
Parenthesis?
What will come next ?
agriculture sanitation
water sanitation
agriculture sanitation
All rural
Essentially urban
Jan-Olof Drangert, Linköping University, Sweden
3
Urine-diverting toilet in the 1860s and
sanitation footprints 1910
faeces
vent pipe
urine collector
60km
Stock- holm
urine bowl
urine funnel
Jan-Olof Drangert, Linköping University, Sweden
4
How pipes gradually took over waste transport
Period Solid street- waste kitchen- faeces urine Wastewater
1800
1870
1900
1950
1970
2000
Solid waste
Excreta
Disposed of in streets or in yard
Earth pits for all household waste and content
emptied in garden or on nearby farm
Latrine buckets of metal
Disposed of in streets or in yard
Urine and greywater to a septic tank/waste pit or
straight to water body
Black (WC)- and greywater in pipe to water body
without any treatment
Container for solid waste
Solid waste incinerated Some garbage sorted
Wastewater treatment plants being built

Sorting of garbage and reuse
Some sludge applied on farmland
Scenario 1 grinder for organic kitchen waste,
increased mixing of waste and incineration of the
sludge
Scenario 2 garbage sorted in more fractions,
which are treated separately and used in
production of new products
Jan-Olof Drangert, Linköping University, Sweden
5
The history of management of water and used water
over the 20th century and beyond
1970 2000 Supply
Management Demand Management
   Reuse Management
Priority 1 provide water
no longer the only concern
Priority 1 reduce water volume and
emerging interest in wastewater
Pri 1 wastewater quality
Jan-Olof Drangert, Linköping University, Sweden
6
Mexico City now has 20 million people
MC
Latest opened water source
1 km
100 km
Next?
2 km
200 km
Courtesy of Ian Adler, International Renewable
Resources Institute, Mexico
Jan-Olof Drangert, Linköping University, Sweden
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What we have seen so far ..

• More pipes and more mixing of various flows has
  been the mantra for a long period
• But of late, there is a slow shift in focus from
  supply issues to what happens to water and
  waste materials after they are used
• New focus to improve the way we deal with
  excreta, organic solid waste and wastewater in
  order to treat and use these resources again
• The future sources of water and nutrients will
  come from reusing water and waste materials

Jan-Olof Drangert, Linköping University, Sweden