Clauses, Conjunctions, Commas, and Semi-Colons

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Clauses, Conjunctions, Commas, and Semi-Colons
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Clauses

• Clause Group of words with a _________________
  and a _______________
• Two Types of Clauses
• 1) ___________________Clause A clause that
  conveys a ____________________and can stand
  alone as a sentence
• 2)__________________ Clause Does not convey a
  complete thought and ________________________,
  or it would be a fragment

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Independent Clause

• An independent clause is sort of like a trains
  ______________________.

The _______ are like the ________/ predicate
because they provide movement or action to the
group of words.
The ___________is like the ___________thought
because it can move on its own!
The _________is like the __________ because its
what is taking the action of the verb.
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Subordinate Clause

• A subordinate clause is sort of like a trains
  __________________________.

Since there is _____________________, the train
cannot move on its own!
The wheels are like the verb/ predicate because
they provide movement or action to the group of
words.
The car is like the subject because its what is
taking the action of the verb.
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Independent or Subordinate?

• though he comes to school regularly
• __________________________________
• she will go to the party tomorrow
• __________________________________
• since he didnt do his homework
• __________________________________
• because Matthew can shoot half court shots
• __________________________________
• Tamara can do gymnastics
• __________________________________

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How do I use clauses?

• Both independent and subordinate clauses are like
  the building blocks of complete sentences.
• However, to put them together, we need special
  connector words called _____________________.
  

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Conjunction-junction, whats your function?

• Hookin up __________and _____________ and
  _______________!
• Theyre connector words!
• Sometimes referred to as _______________words.
• There are four types of conjunctions.
• Although knowing the names isnt particularly
  important, these conjunctions DO have separate,
  unique uses. You must know ____________________
  about using each type.

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1) Coordinating Conjunctions(aka, The FANBOYS)

• Connect things of equal importance, particularly
  _______________________________.
• Examples FANBOYS
• F___, a__, n__, b__, o_, y__, s__
• Note When used as a conjunction, for is like a
  fancy ______________________.
• Another Notes Its often preferable to avoid
  _____________________________with FANBOYS.

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Using Coordinating Conjunctions(aka, The
FANBOYS)

• To connect two independent clauses, place a
  ____________________________between them.
• When a FANBOYS conjunction is used to connect two
  independent clauses, it is called a
  ______________________ sentence.
• Combine the following independent clauses to
  create one compound sentence
• I like ice cream. I dont like cake.
• I like ice cream __________ I dont like cake.
• I like ice cream __________ I dont like cake.
  

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Using Coordinating ConjunctionsCompound
Sentences!

• Using our train analogy, a compound sentence is
  sort of like connecting ________________________.

Dont forget, a ___________ goes between them!
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Using Coordinating Conjunctions(aka, The
FANBOYS)

• Warning! Warning!
• You only include a comma before the FANBOYS when
  both elements are ________________________________
  with their own subjects and verbs.
• For example
• Doris cant dance, and she cant sing.
• (Both are complete _______________________ and
  therefore ________________ is needed before
  and.)
• Dora cant dance and cant sing.
• (cant sing does not have ________________ ,
  so there is _____________________ before and.)

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Practice Using Coordinating Conjunctions and
Commas!

• Examine the following sentences. First, find the
  FANBOYS. Then, determine if each sentence should
  use a comma before the FANBOYS or not.
• 1. I cant wait to go home and watch my favorite
  TV show!
• __________________________________________________
  _____________
• __________________________________________________
  _____________
• 2. Four people are on time but six people are
  late.
• __________________________________________________
  _____________
• 3. Mary loves to go to school yet Sam hates it.
• __________________________________________________
  _____________
• 4. Frank can sing but cannot dance at all!
• __________________________________________________
  _____________
• __________________________________________________
  _____________

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2) Subordinating Conjunctions

• Begin ______________________________ and connect
  them to independent ones.
• Examples
• _____________, although, as, as if, as though,
  ______________, before, even though, if, in order
  that, provided, since, so that, than, unless,
  _____________, ___________, where, whereas,
  ____________

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Using Subordinating Conjunctions

• To connect an independent and subordinate clause,
  place a SUBORDINATING CONJUNCTION between them!
• Ex I love Thanksgiving ___________it reminds me
  of family.
• Ex The class has been working hard
  ______________the ACT is right around the corner!
• The subordinating clause (with conjunction) may
  also be used as the FIRST clause as long as
  ___________________ is between the clauses.
• Ex Because Thanksgiving reminds me of family,
  I love it!
• Ex Since the ACT is right around the corner,
  the class has been working hard!
• The subordinating clause may also go in
  _____________________ , again, ___________________
  ____offsetting it.
• Ex The class, since the ACT is right around the
  corner, has been working hard!
• Combining an independent and subordinate clause
  creates a ________________________________.

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Using Subordinating ConjunctionsComplex
Sentences!

• Using our train analogy, a complex sentence is
  sort of like connecting an ________________ and a
  ________________ . (Which one uses the comma
  between them?)

__________!
___________!
Its weird, but it works!
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Practice Using Subordinating Conjunctions and
Commas!

• Examine the following sentences. First, identify
  the subordinating conjunction. Then, determine
  if a comma is needed within the sentence.
• 1. If Tracy lost her backpack she will need a
  whole new binder.
• If Tracy lost her backpack she will need a whole
  new binder.
• 2. Although Sam reads well he cant spell at all.
  
• Although Sam reads well he cant spell at all.
• 3. Ronald never liked french fries because he
  couldnt stand the texture.
• Ronald never liked french fries because he
  couldnt stand the texture.
• 4. Tommy exercised while Frank did his homework.
  
• Tommy exercised while Frank did his homework.

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3) Conjunctive Adverbs

• Express relationships between independent clauses
  (BETWEEN ________________) (Also compound
  sentences)
• DONT hook sentences together instead, often
  start a ______________________________
  (transition words)
• Often preceded by a _____________ () or a
  ______________(.).
• Examples
• Accordingly, Also, Besides, __________________,
  Finally, Furthermore, Hence, ___________________,
  Instead, Nevertheless, Nonetheless, Otherwise,
  Similarly, Still, _______________, Thus,
  Moreover, Secondly, etc.
• Note A semi-colon is a ________________ with
  fancy shoes. The only difference is that it is
  followed by a _____________________ while a
  period is followed by a capital one.
• Another Note Conjunctive adverbs are often
  followed by a ______________.

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Using Conjunctive Adverbs

• Conjunctive adverbs often start independent
  clauses to reveal how the IDEAS are related.
• __________________________ Therefore, thus,
  consequently, hence, accordingly
• ____________________ Similarly, also,
  furthermore, still, besides, moreover
• _____________________ However, although,
  despite, nevertheless, nonetheless, otherwise
• ______________________ Finally, secondly, etc.
• Examples
• I like ice cream. Similarly, I like cake.
• I like ice cream similarly, I like cake.
• Rutherford was late. Therefore, he earned an
  EMI.
• Rutherford was late therefore, he earned an EMI.

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Using Conjunctive AdverbsCombining IDEAS, not
clauses!

• Using our train analogy, the two independent
  clauses _______________________. We just talk
  about how they are related to each other.

Did one cause the other? Are they similar?
Different? Related in time?
Dont forget, _________________________________
goes between them!
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Using Conjunctive Adverbs

• Warning! Warning!
• Its also possible for conjunctive adverbs to be
  ____________________ WITHIN an independent clause
  (instead of starting one). They are then offset
  by ______________.
• For example
• I like strawberries. However, my sister likes
  pears.
• I like strawberries. ____________________________
  ________.
• Your turn
• I brush and floss every day therefore, I have
  great dental check-ups.
• I brush and floss every day _____________________
  ________
• __________________________________________________
  _____

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Practice Using Conjunctive Adverbs and
Semi-Colons/Periods/Commas

• Examine the following sentences. First, find the
  conjunctive adverb. Then, punctuate the sentence
  correctly.
• 1. I am really tired consequently I plan to nap.
• 2. Ralph doesnt like the outdoors instead hed
  rather play video games.
• 3. Betty hates math Paul however absolutely loves
  it.

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4) Correlative Conjunctions

• Conjunctions that come in ____________
• Are often in ________________of the sentence
• Examples
• ________________________,
• eitheror,
• neithernor,
• ______________________________, whetheror

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Using Correlative Conjunctions

• Correlative conjunctions can be used to connect
  clauses, phrases, or words.
• It is difficult to determine a pattern for
  punctuation for these, ________________________
  to determine if a comma should be used.
• Examples
• Either the music or the visual images will grab
  your attention.
• You will not only hear your favorite song , but
  also see the performer.

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Practice Using Correlative Conjunctions and
Commas!

• Examine the following sentences. First, find the
  correlative conjunctions. Then, determine if
  each sentence should use a comma.
• 1. I love both macaroni and cheese!
• I love both macaroni and cheese!
• 2. Neither the students nor the teachers knew
  every capital city.
• Neither the students nor the teachers knew every
  capital city.
• 3. Not only did Peter earn an A in math but he
  also earned one in English.
• Not only did Peter earn an A in math but he also
  earned one in English.
• 4. Whether young or old everyone still loves a
  carnival.
• Whether young or old everyone still loves a
  carnival.

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Lets Practice IT ALL!

• Examine the following sentences. First, identify
  the conjunction(s). Then, identify the type(s).
  Finally, determine the correct punctuation.
• 1. Peter liked Patty therefore he wrote her a
  love note.
• Conjunctions
• Peter liked Patty therefore he wrote her a love
  note.
• 2. Peter liked cookies Patty however did not.
• Conjunctions
• Peter liked cookies Patty however did not.
• 3. I love Saturdays because I can sleep late.
• Conjunctions
• I love Saturdays because I can sleep late.
• 4. Since I started at Rickover I have become much
  more independent.
• Conjunctions
• Since I started at Rickover I have become much
  more independent.

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Lets Practice IT ALL!

• 5. Wednesdays are early release days so we can
  go home early!
• Conjunctions
• Wednesdays are early release days so we can go
  home early!
• 6. There are sixty students going on the field
  trip yet only forty seats on the bus.
• Conjunctions
• There are sixty students going on the field trip
  yet only forty seats on the bus.
• 7. Whether it is warm or cold students are
  expected at school.
• Conjunctions
• Whether it is warm or cold students are expected
  at school.
• 8. Both parents and teachers may chaperone the
  dance.
• Conjunctions
• Both parents and teachers may chaperone the
  dance.

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Other Commas Uses

• Commas are tricky! There are MANY uses,
  including what weve covered today. Although we
  wont cover all uses today, here are a few
  addition uses to consider.
• 1. A comma goes before an individual youre
  _______________________.

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Other Commas Uses

• 2. In a series containing _______________________
  __________, each item is separated by a comma.
  The final comma is often known as the
  _______________comma.

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Why does it matter that I know all of this riff
raff?

• Punctuation and sentence structure errors are
  TURBO popular on the _______________________!
• Misusing punctuation results in
  __________________________________ (fragments,
  run-ons, and comma splices) and nonsensical
  writing in general.
• Punctuation saves lives.

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Quiz Questions/Summary