Chapter 13 Renewable Energy and Conservation - PowerPoint PPT Presentation

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Chapter 13 Renewable Energy and Conservation

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Title: Chapter 13 Renewable Energy and Conservation


1
Chapter 13Renewable Energy and Conservation
2
Overview of Chapter 13
  • Direct Solar Energy
  • Heating Buildings and Water
  • Solar Thermal Electric Generation
  • Photovoltaic Solar Cells
  • Indirect Solar Energy
  • Biomass Energy
  • Wind Energy
  • Hydropower
  • Other Renewable Energy Sources
  • Geothermal Energy
  • Tidal Energy
  • High and Low Technology Energy Solution
  • Hydrogen and Fuel Cells
  • Energy Efficiency

3
Net Energy Yield
  • Net Energy Yield the total useful energy
    derived from a resource minus the energy required
    to obtain the resource and make it available.
  • Low Nuclear Energy
  • High passive solar

4
Cogeneration
  • Production of two useful forms of energy from the
    same fuel

5
Electrical Grids
  • Electrical plants are attached to a grid
    connected to each other and to their customers.
  • Peak demand time of day when electricity is
    most needed (dinner time)
  • Brownout power not sufficient to meet demand,
    grid does not completely fail
  • Blackout malfunction in power plant/grid

6
August 14 2003 Blackout
  • Affected several cities in the North East,
    including ours.
  • High demand, high temperatures, and faulty
    powerlines were to blame.

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9
Going off the grid
  • Benefits.
  • Cons.

10
Increasing Efficiency
  • Cogeneration
  • Simultaneous production of both electricity and
    steam in the same plant.
  • Take waste heat from one process and use it in
    another process

11
Increasing Efficiency
  • Energy efficient appliances are more costly, but
    over the lifetime of appliance save money.

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13
Increasing Efficiency
  • Regular lightbulbs much less efficient than
    compact fluorescent bulbs
  • Negative mercury

14
Increasing Efficiency
  • Make automobiles more efficient
  • US Car companies complain about cost efficiency
  • US standards are far below those of other
    developed countries
  • Personal options
  • Drive more efficiently
  • Keep car in shape
  • Plan/combine trips
  • Buy efficient car

15
Hybrids
16
Hybrids
17
Hybrids
  • Internal combustion engine and a rechargeable
    battery
  • Battery charged by regenerative breaking or by
    plugging in
  • Smart meter system allow for recharge during off
    peak hours
  • Energy source should come from renewable
    source, otherwise its just a shift in point
    source pollution

18
  • http//videos.howstuffworks.com/science-channel/50
    67-invention-nation-super-hybrid-video.htm

19
Direct Solar Energy
  • Varies with latitude, season, time of day, and
    cloud cover

20
Heating Buildings and Water
  • Passive solar energy
  • system of putting the suns energy to use without
    requiring mechanical devices to distribute the
    collected heat
  • Certain design features can enhance passive solar
    energys heating potential
  • South facing windows (in N. hemisphere)
  • Well insulated buildings
  • Attic vents
  • Overhangs and solar sunspaces

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24
Window placement
25
Tree Placement
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28
Solar Cooker
29
Solar sunspace
  • Utilizes passive solar energy to heat and cool
    homes
  • Can be added to existing homes

30
Heating Buildings and Water
  • Active Solar Energy
  • System of collecting and absorbing the suns
    energy, and using pumps or fans distribute the
    collected heat
  • Most common
  • Series of collection devices on roofs or in
    fields
  • Typically a black panel or plate
  • Used to heat water

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32
Heating Buildings and Water
  • Solar Thermal Electric Generation
  • Means of producing electricity in which the suns
    energy is concentrated by mirrors or lenses to
    either heat a fluid filled pipe or drive a
    Stirling engine
  • More efficient than other solar technologies
  • Benefits
  • No air pollution
  • No contribution to global warming or acid
    precipitation

33
Solar Thermal Electric Generation
34
Photovoltaic Solar Cells
  • Thin cells are treated with certain metals so
    that they generate electricity when they absorb
    solar energy
  • Convert sunlight directly into energy
  • No pollution and minimal maintenance
  • Used on any scale
  • Lighted road signs
  • Entire buildings

35
Photovoltaic Solar Cells
  • Can be incorporated into building materials
  • Roofing shingles
  • Tile
  • Window glass

36
Cost of Electrical Power Plants
37
Indirect Solar Energy
  • Biomass
  • Plant materials used as fuel
  • Ex wood, crop wastes, sawdust, and animal wastes
  • Contains energy from sun via photosynthesizing
    plants
  • Renewable when used no faster than it can be
    produced
  • Can convert to biogas or liquids
  • Ethanol and methanol

38
Advantages and Disadvantages of Biomass
  • Advantages
  • Reduces dependence on fossil fuels
  • Often uses waste materials
  • If trees are planted at same rate biomass is
    combusted, no net increase in atmospheric CO2
  • Disadvantages
  • Requires land, water and energy
  • Can lead to
  • Deforestation
  • Desertification
  • Soil erosion

39
Indirect Solar Energy
  • Wind Energy
  • Electric or mechanical energy obtained from
    surface air currents caused by solar warming of
    air
  • Worlds fastest growing source of energy
  • Wind results from sun warming the atmosphere
  • Varies in direction and magnitude
  • New wind turbines harness wind efficiently

40
Wind Energy
  • Most profitable in rural areas with constant wind
  • Few environmental problems
  • Kills birds and bats
  • No waste- clean source of energy
  • Biggest constraints
  • Cost
  • Public resistance

41
Indirect Solar Energy
  • Hydropower
  • Form of renewable energy reliant on flowing or
    falling water to generate mechanical energy or
    electricity
  • Suns energy drive hydrologic cycle
  • Most efficient energy source (90)

42
Hydropower
  • Generates 19 of worlds energy
  • Traditional hydropower
  • Only suited for large dams
  • New technology
  • May be able to utilize low flow waterways
  • Problems with Dams
  • Changes natural flow of rivers
  • Disrupts migratory fish patterns
  • Potential dam breaks

43
Other Indirect Solar Energy
  • Ocean waves
  • Produced by winds
  • Has potential to turn a turbine- and create
    electricity
  • Ocean Temperature Gradients
  • Use difference in temperature of surface and deep
    water to create electricity

44
Other Renewable Energy Sources
  • Geothermal Energy
  • Energy from the Earths interior for either space
    heating or generation of electricity
  • From Hydrothermal Reservoirs (left)
  • Created by volcanoes
  • Reservoirs used directly for heat or to generate
    electricity

45
Geothermal Energy
  • From hot, dry rock
  • Geothermal heat pumps
  • Use difference in temperature between surface and
    subsurface
  • Great for heating buildings
  • Expensive installation

46
  • http//www.eia.doe.gov/kids/energy.cfm?pagegeothe
    rmal_home-basics

47
Other Renewable Energy Sources
  • Tidal Energy
  • Form of renewable energy that relies of the ebb
    and flow of the tides to generate electricity
  • Typical difference between high and low tide is
    1-2 ft
  • Narrow bays may have greater variation
  • Energy can be captured with
  • A dam across the bay
  • A turbine similar to a wind turbine

48
Hydrogen as a Fuel Source
  • Advantages to Hydrogen as a fuel source
  • Very high energy density
  • Can be produced from any electrical source
  • Electrolysis (see illustration on next slide)
  • No greenhouse gases and few other pollutants
  • Can be use in vehicles
  • Disadvantages to Hydrogen as a fuel source
  • Highly volatile (requires special storage)
  • Relatively inefficient

49
Hydrogen as a Fuel Source-Electrolysis
50
Hydrogen Fuel Cell
  • Fuel cell
  • Device that directly converts chemical energy
    into electricity
  • Requires hydrogen from a tank and oxygen from the
    air
  • Similar to a battery, only the reactants are
    supplied from outside source

51
Future Applications of Fuel Cells
  • Vehicles
  • Not yet commonly available
  • Hydrogen is not yet readily available as a fuel
    source
  • Batteries in cells phones or laptops

52
Energy Consumption Trends and Economics
53
Energy Efficient Technologies
  • Compact Fluorescent light bulbs
  • Condensing furnaces
  • Super-insulated buildings (right)
  • Energy efficient appliances
  • Automobiles
  • Aircraft technology

54
Energy Savings in Commercial Buildings
55
Saving Energy at Home
56
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