Chapter%207-%20Balancing%20Nationalism%20and%20sectionalism

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Chapter 7- Balancing Nationalism and
sectionalism

• Sophomore American History

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Regional Economies Create Differences

• 1800s- Factories became the new centers of
  Industry- American Industrial Revolution
• Read- The Industrial Revolution in the United
  States- Page 213
• New England industrializes
• Had depended heavily on trade- Agriculture was
  not profitable
• 1793- Samuel Slater/ 1813- Lowell System/ 1822-
  Expansion- Read Page 213
• Two Economic Systems Develop
• Northeasterners started to invest heavily into
  manufacturing
• 1790s- South was making huge profits from the
  production of cotton- Cotton Gin/ Slavery
• King Cotton- Britain and the Northeastern United
  States- by 1820 Slavery became entrenched
• Deep South and the Cotton Belt
• Agriculture in the North/ Slavery in the North
• Clay and the American System- read pages 216-217
• Tariff of 1816- North supported South did not
• Court Cases- Gibbons v Ogden, McCulloch v
  Maryland, Fletcher v Peck

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DEEP SOUTH
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NORTH AND SOUTH

• NORTH
• Primarily Industrial
• Encouraged trade and industry
• Supported the Tariff of 1816
• Encouraged growth of towns
• Improved Communication
• Improved Transportation
• New Technology- Change
• Few Northerners traveled south
• Emphasis on education

• SOUTH
• Primarily agriculture
• Little technological progress
• No need for labor-saving devices
• Higher value on tradition-little change
• Lack of education
• Slavery was legal, a large part of the economy-
  pg 259
• Few southerners traveled north

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Chapter 7- Nationalism Guides Foreign Policy

• After the War of 1812, Americans were confident
  in the strength of their growing country.
  Waiting to take their place on the world stage
• James Monroe-1816-Era of Good Feelings
• Diplomatic Success
• Rush-Bagot Treaty 1818- Disarmament along the
  Canada-U.S. border
• Adams-Onis Treaty 1819 Acquired Florida from
  Spain
• Monroe Doctrine (221)

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The Missouri CompromiseChapter 7

• The nation was dealing with political conflict
  dealing with expansion and the slavery issue
• House of Rep. was controlled by the northern
  states. Why?
• The Senate supported slavery. Why?
• As long as Congress was split, slavery was safe.
• States were divided equally- 11 Slave States and
  11 Free States
• In 1819 Missouri applied for statehood- Problems

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The Missouri Compromise

• Missouris admission would upset the
  Congressional balance in the Senate!
• Tallmadges Proposal
• The Missouri Compromise- 1820
• Admitted Missouri as a slave state and Maine as a
  free state
• Slavery banned above the 36-30 Line
• Missouri would be the only exception
• SLAVERY WAS NOT PROFITTABLE IN MISSOURI

• Henry Clay

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1824 Election

• By 1820s, voting laws were becoming more
  democratic.
• Most adult white males could vote
• State nominating conventions
• THE ELECTION OF 1824 HAD FIVE STRONG CANDIDATES
• Jackson Clay Adams

• William Crawford of Georgia- Early favorite-
  Southern Candidate- became ill and never
  threatened
• John Calhoun, South Carolina- Failed to build a
  national following
• John Quincy Adams of Mass.- Economic
  nationalists, antislavery views, Northeast
• Andrew Jackson form Tenn.- Popular military hero-
  popular in the South and the frontier
• Henry Clay from Kentucky- Support from the Middle
  West

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Corrupt Bargain- 1824

• Jackson received the most popular votes and
  electoral votes, but no candidate won a majority
  of the electoral votes. The House of Rep would
  decide.
• Top three would be voted on by the House
• Jackson
• Adams
• Crawford- dropped out
• CORRUPT BARGAIN- PAGE 239

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Election of 1828

• Jackson and the 1828 election
• 1st Modern Election
• Voting rolls swelled, many states dropped land
  ownership requirements
• Jacksonian Democracy
• Spoils system
• Rotation in Office

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American Indian Policy

• Indian Policy Under Jefferson
• Jefferson had hoped that the Eastern Indians
  would become farmers and blend into American
  society.
• By 1824 many government officials were calling
  for the removal of all American Indians to lands
  beyond the U.S. borders

• Many Indian tribes had begun to adapt to American
  ways.
• Five Civilized Tribes
• Cherokee
• Sequoya

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Jacksons Indian Policy

• INDIAN TERRITORY

• Indians in the Southeast occupied millions of
  acres of fertile lands. Farmers and land
  speculators wanted the Indians out.
• Jackson agreed
• 1830- Indian Removal Act- Provided for the
  relocation, by force if necessary, of the Indians
  to Oklahoma. IT WILL BE YOURS FOREVER

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Native American Resistance

• Second Seminole War (1835-1842)- Cost more money
  and lives than any other Indian War in history.
  Most Seminole Indians were either killed or moved
  to the Indian Territory
• Worcester v Georgia- The Cherokees fought for
  their rights through the courts. The Supreme
  Court ruled in favor of the Cherokees
• Pg. 248- The Trail of Tears

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Chapter 8

• Section 2, Slavery and Abolition

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THE SOUTHERN ECONOMY

• Eli Whitney made cotton production profitable
  with the invention of the Cotton Gin.
• Upper South
• Lower South- COTTON BELT
• By 1860 cotton represented more than half of all
  American exports- KING COTTON
• Planters began to open new lands for cultivation.
  COTTON BELT
• As cotton production grew, so did the demand for
  slaves.
• By 1860 the population of the south was about 12
  million people. 4 million were slaves.

• The Cotton Gin

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THE SOUTHERN ECONOMY

• Farming cotton was a labor-intensive enterprise-
  pg. 258
• Planters- Controlled large plantations
• Social, economic and political control of the
  South

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SLAVE LABOR

• 75 OF ALL SLAVES WERE FIELD HANDS
• Worked from dawn to dusk- 18-20 hours during
  harvest
• Some worked as household workers- cooks, nannies,
  maids
• Some were skilled laborers- Blacksmiths,
  Carpenters, gardeners
• Page 285-286

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SLAVE LIFE

• Housing- Cramped and sparsely furnished. A family
  would live in a one-room cabin
• Cold in the winter, hot in the summer, and did
  not keep out the elements.
• Food- Some given to the slave by the owners.
• Hunted and fished
• Small gardens
• Poor clothing

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THE BURDEN OF BONDAGE

HISTORYS VOICES
We lodged in huts and on the bare ground In a single room were huddled, like cattle, ten or a dozen persons, men, women, and children. All ideas of refinement and decency were, of course, out of the question. There were neither bedsteads, nor furniture of any description. Our beds were collections of straw and old rags, thrown down in the corners and boxed with boards, a single blanket the only covering The wind whistled and the rain and snow blew in through the cracks, and the damp earth soaked in the moisture till the floor was muddy as a pigsty.
Josiah Henson, Uncle Toms Story of His Life An Autobiography of the Rev. Josiah Henson, 1877
HISTORYS VOICES
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TREATMENT OF SLAVES

• Slave treatment varied from plantation to
  plantation.
• Some owners used rewards- food, clothing, days
  off
• Some owners used fear of punishnment.
• Sweat Box
• Whipping
• Sold away from family
• More severe punishment

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How Did Slaves Fight Back

• Pages 285-286
• Free Blacks
• North 250,000
• South 250,000
• Slave Revolts
• Nat Turner- 1830
• Escape
• Underground Railroad
• Harriet Tubman

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Abolition Movement- Pg 288

• Religious Roots
• Colonial Period- Quakers- Condemened slavery as
  immoral
• William Lloyd Garrison- 1831- Liberator
• American Anti-Slavery Society
• Fredrick Douglass
• Page 288

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Opposition to Abolition

• Most southerners viewed abolition as an attack on
  their way of life.
• Justification of slavery
• Essential to the economy
• Religion
• Better off than northern Wage Slaves
• Northern support for slaves- Competition for jobs

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Southern Manufacturing

• Southern industries included sawmills, iron
  works, textile mills, brick yards, and railroads
• Industry developed more slowly in the South than
  in the North.
• By 1860- South had 35 of the population but only
  15 of its manufacturing. This occurred for
  several reasons

1. Most investments went into slaves and land.
2. Planters used their influence, wealth, and power
   to support agriculture
3. Shortage of factory workers. (slavery discouraged
   immigration)
4. Most of the rural population (poor whites and
   blacks) had no economic power. (purchasing power)

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Southern Attitudes Toward Slavery

• Some southerners criticized slavery for the
  following reasons (Southern Minority)
• An economy based on plantation agriculture and
  slave labor was less profitable than one based on
  industry and labor.
• Slavery is incompatible with the American
  Revolution- Liberty and freedom
• Slavery is inhuman and immoral

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Southern Attitudes Toward Slavery

• Supporters of Slavery
• Slaves were the only way to assure enough labor
  for cotton and tobacco production.
• Planters provided slaves with shelter, clothing,
  food and care in sickness and old age. Slaves
  cost 1,500 a piece
• George Fitzhugh- Page 271

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Southern Society

• PLANTERS
• Lived elegantly in beautiful tree shaded mansions
• Manage the plantations
• Planning and supervising work
• Keeping records of business transactions
• Keeping tracts of orders and brokers
• The majority of planters owned fewer than 20
  slaves
• Planters wives supervised household activities.

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Southern Society

• SMALL FARMERS
• Made up a majority of southern whites
• Simple two room log cabins
• Raised livestock and sold some crops for cash.
• Fertile land lacked easy access to markets
• Grew and hunted own food
• Most did not own slaves

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Southern Society

• POOR WHITES
• Small percentage of the souths population
• Farmed the least productive land
• Lived in rough cabins with few comforts
• Suffered from medical problems
• No slaves

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SLAVE LABOR

• Overseer- managed the slaves
• Drivers- Slaves who helped manage the slaves
• Gang Labor- Assign groups of slaves to do
  specific jobs

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SLAVE CULTURE

• Slaves created a unique African culture
• Folktales
• Music and Art
• Slave Religion
• Sprituals

• Rebellion and Resistance
• Gabriel Prosser- 1800, Richmond, Virginia
• Denmark Vessey- 1822, Charleston, South Carolina
• Nat Turner- 1831, Virginia
• Harriet Tubman- Underground Railroad