World War One

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World War One
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Causes of World War One Expanding Empires

• Germany and Britain global competition

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Causes of World War I Alliance System in Europe

• Italy changes sides, replaced by Ottoman Empire
  (Turkey)

• Triple Alliance
• Germany, Italy, and Austria-Hungary

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Causes of World War I Alliance System in Europe

• Triple Entente
• Britain, France, and Russia

• Called the Allies, joined by US eventually
• Both alliances had secret agreements to go to
  each others defense if attacked
• Neither side knew how strong the alliances were
  for the other side

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Causes of World War One Kaiser Wilhelm II of
Germany

• Aggressive, vain, nationalist
• Sought Germanys place in the
• sun by expanding empire
• Conflicts with Britain

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Causes of World War One the British-German Arms
Race

• Britain and Germany created huge navies of
  advanced ships (the dreadnoughts)
• Germany, Russia, and France increased size of
  armies

British dreadnought
German dreadnought
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Causes of World War One a Weakening
Austro-Hungarian Empire

• Made up of numerous nationalities and language
  groups many wanted self-rule (autonomy)
• Most aggressive nation
• Serbia wanted to self-govern
• Home to terrorist groups

The Black Hand
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June 28th, 1914

• Archduke Ferdinand, heir to A-H throne,
  assassinated by Serbian terrorist Gavrilo
  Princip, for Serbian independence

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The Beginning of WW I

• Because of the alliance system
• A-H declares war on Serbia
• Russia declares on A-H
• Germany declares war on Russia
• France and Britain declare war on Germany

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America and WW I 1914

• Wilson declares US neutral
• Most Americans opposed
  entry
• American businesses sold to both Allies and
  Central Powers
• Some Americans supported Germany

Irish-American troops for the Central Powers
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US to Drifts Into War

• Reasons America began to support the Allies
• 1914 invasion of Belgium by CP treated harshly
  by Germans
• Americans respond with Belgian Relief Fund led
  by Herbert Hoover

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US to Drifts Into War

• British propaganda affects Americans view of
  Germans and the war
• New use of newsreels/movies

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The Lusitania

• British passenger ship, carrying Americans and
  weapons and ammunition
• Germans give warning in NY papers U-boats sink
  ship off the coast of Ireland, killing 127
  Americans

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Wilson threatens war Germans apologize,
promises not sink ships without warning (the
Sussex Pledge)
Sinking of ships continues
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1916 Election

• Wilson vs. Charles Evans Hughes
• Main issue US in the war or not

He Kept Us Out of War
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Americas Entry Into War

• Deteriorating German/American relations
• U-Boat activity
• treatment of Belgium
• impact of propaganda
• America sympathizes with Allies not ready to
  enter war

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The Zimmermann Note

• Telegram sent from German ambassador to MX
  proposes alliance against US
• Denied by both Ger. and MX discovered by British
  agents
• Impact
• Germans break the Sussex Pledge, resume sinking
  ships without warning

German Ambassador Arthur Zimmermann
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Final breaking point with Germany Kaiser
prepares for war with America
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America Declares War (April 2, 1917)

• US formally breaks relations after 6 US ships
  sunk, with over 200 casualties. Also Britain and
  France appeal to Wilson for help

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In your notes

• Write two opposing theses in the X.
  However, ABC. Therefore Y. format.
• To what extent was US entry into WWI justified?

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America Prepares for War

• Wilson reorganizes American society for war
  greatest degree of govt. control in history.
• Attempts to sell war as a war to end all wars
  and to make the world safe for democracy.
• Makes war a moral crusade ex. The Fourteen
  Points

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US Prepares for War

• Government organizes propaganda campaign to
  generate support for the war
• Committee on Public Information designed to
  give news on info on the war
• Use of propaganda control of news media

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Use of Propaganda Films
Use of the new film industry to promote the war
both newsreels and Hollywood movies used
George Creel
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The Espionage and Sedition Acts

• Meant to suppress anti-war efforts or speeches
• Acts deemed as un-American could mean jail or
  deportation, suspended First Amendment
• Eugene Debs arrested
• later pardoned by Pres. Harding

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The War Industries Board

• An attempt to put US economy toward a war basis
• All production toward war effort
• Wages, prices and production controlled by Board
• Led by Bernard Baruch

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The War Industries Board

• Use of women in war factories
• Led to passage of 19th Amendment
• Women also used to sell the war and sell bonds

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The Food Administration

• Organized food conservation efforts and the
  planting of liberty gardens

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The Food Administration

• Relied on appeals and propaganda campaigns

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Cigarettes Win the War!
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Paying for the War

• War financed through
  borrowing
• (the liberty
  bond)
• Sold billions of
• Use of celebrities

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The Draft

• 4 million drafted 2 mil. sent to combat poorly
  trained lack of equipment, officers

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Different Type of War
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American Expeditionary Force (AEF)

• First battle Chateau-Thierry, May 28th, 1918

John Pershing
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American Expeditionary Force (AEF)

• Belleau Wood (June, 1918) US Marine Corp fights
  the Germans to a draw after three days, despite 4
  to 1 odds.

The Devil Dogs
Retreat? Hell, we just got here!
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American Expeditionary Force (AEF)

• June, 1918 November, 1918 the last major
  campaign, the Meuse-Argonne Offensive

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(No Transcript)
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The Fourteen Points (Jan., 1918)

• Wilsons goals for the war
• freedom of the seas no U-boats or blockades
• reduction of worldwide trade barriers
  increases economic alliances
• self-determination for imperial holdings
  colonies should govern themselves
• self-determination for Austria-Hungary
• no secret treaties
• re-creation of Poland
• arms and naval limitations

Copy of Wilsons speech on the 14 Points
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The League of Nations

• The 14th and most important Point an
  association of nations for collective
  security a multinational alliance between
  nations

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Armistice November 11, 1918
Germany asks for cease-fire Peace
sought based on 14 Points
War ends at 1100, 11/11/18
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Losing the Peace

• Germany in chaos starvation and looting in
  Berlin America sends food and coal Allies
  prepare for peace conference Wilson arrives as
  hero

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Versailles, 1919

• Conference dominated by the Big Four

Lloyd George (GB)
Clemenceau (FR)
Orlando (IT)
Wilson (USA)
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Versailles, 1919

• Attended by most countries, except Germany and
  newly-formed USSR
• Many sought self-determination as stated in
  Wilsons 14 Points most are denied

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Versailles, 1919

• France and Britain intent on revenge and
  maintaining their empires forces Wilson to give
  up most of 14 Points
• Wilson sacrifices most of the Points to keep
  League of Nations

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Germany territory given to France and newly
created Poland
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New Map of Europe After Versailles

• New countries created
• Czechoslovakia Austria
• Hungary
• Romania Yugoslavia Poland
• Estonia
• Latvia
• Lithuania

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France and Britain redraw Middle East

• New countries created
• Syria
• Iraq
• Kuwait
• Palestine
• Jordan
• Lebanon
• Turkey
• Iran

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Versailles, 1919

• Germany forced to pay millions in reparations
  forces Germany into poverty currency worthless
  unemployment high
• Radical movements gain acceptance

Hitler, 1928
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The Fight to Ratify the Treaty

• Wilson returns to US to face Republican Senate
  needs 2/3 vote for approval
• Many oppose Treaty because of Article 10, would
  force US to go to war if any member nation
  attacked
• Two Groups Reservationists Irreconcilables
• Leader of opposition
• Sen. Henry Cabot Lodge

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The Fight to Ratify the Treaty

• Lodge offers Fourteen Reservations about the
  Treaty approval of Treaty unlikely
• Wilson goes to American people to gain support
  for it, goes on tour (Wilson Rocks America!)

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The Fight to Ratify the Treaty

• Sept, 1919 Wilson suffers a stroke in Colorado,
  rushed back to D.C.
• Unable to function for next seven months
• Edith Wilson in effect President of US

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The Fight to Ratify the Treaty

• Treaty defeated by Republicans, Nov. 1919
• Wilson orders Democrats to defeat amended Treaty
  gets majority of votes but fails to obtain 2/3
  Treaty never ratified by US
• US does not join League of Nations, rejects
  internationalism in the 20s

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Impact of the Failure at Versailles

• Radicalism grows in Europe, i.e. Germany and
  Italy
• France and Britain remain heavily in debt to US,
  forces Germany to pay heavy reparations
• US retreats into isolationism
• Long-term chaos in Middle East and Balkans
• Spread of communist movements in Europe and Asia