Biology EOC Benchmarks Write the benchmark coding in the upper right hand corner of the first page of your composition book.

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Biology EOC BenchmarksWrite the benchmark coding
in the upper right hand corner of the first page
of your composition book.

• SC.912.N.1.1-NATURE OF SCIENCE
• Define a problem based on a specific body of
  knowledge, for example biology, chemistry,
  physics, and earth/space science, and do the
  following
• pose questions about the natural world,
• conduct systematic observations,
• examine books and other sources of information to
  see what is already known,
• review what is known in light of empirical
  evidence,
• plan investigations,
• use tools to gather, analyze, and interpret data
  (this includes the use of measurement in metric
  and other systems, and also the generation and
  interpretation of graphical representations of
  data, including data tables and graphs),
• pose answers, explanations, or descriptions of
  events,
• generate explanations that explicate or describe
  natural phenomena (inferences),
• use appropriate evidence and reasoning to justify
  these explanations to others,
• communicate results of scientific investigations,
  and
• evaluate the merits of the explanations produced
  by others.
• Also assesses SC.912.N.1.6 Describes how
  scientific inferences are drawn from observations
  and provide examples from the content being
  studied.

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Objectives

• Students will..
• Recognize the role of creativity in constructing
  scientific questions, methods and explanations.
• Describe and explain what characterizes science
  and its methods.
• Collect, organize, and analyze data sets,
  determine the best format for the data and
  present visual summaries for the following
• bar graphs
• line graphs
• circle graphs
• histograms
• scatter plots

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Bellringer Doing Science Directions 1. Read the
following probe and answer the questions in
complete sentences in your ISN. 2. Vote using
Class Flow-go to www.classflow.com/learner
select code
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Essential Question

• How are observations different from inferences?

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What Is Science?
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Goals of Science

• Investigate and understand nature
• Explain events in nature
• Make useful predictions
• Never stop questioning

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Characteristics of Scientific Explanations
The phenomenon studied must be
measurable. Phenomenon that cannot be
measured Is this painting beautiful? Does
God exist? It must be consistent with known
natural laws and well-established,
well-documented existing theories. It must be
derived objectively from independently
confirmable observations. All scientific
knowledge must be regarded as tentative.
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Definition of Science

• An organized way of using evidence to learn about
  the natural world.
• The body of knowledge that scientists have built
  up after years of testing proposed explanations.

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Forms of inquiry used to explore life

• Biology blends two main processes of scientific
  investigations
• The inquiry-Based approach which is mostly about
  describing nature.
• The hypothesis-Based approach which is mostly
  about explaining nature by conducting controlled
  experiments.
• Most scientific approaches combine these two
  processes.

Science is empirical. It relies on observation
and experience
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Observations

• The first step to doing science
• Involves using one or more of the senses
• Sight
• Hearing
• Touch
• Smell
• Taste

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Observations

• Will raise a question.

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Observations

• To gather
• Information
• Evidence
• Data

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Inference

• Follows an observation
• A logical interpretation based on prior knowledge
  and experience
• Uses what you know to figure something out 

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Inference
Observation or Inference?
The little dog is old.
There are two dogs.
The little dog stole the big dogs bed.
The big dog is in the little bed.
The little dog is mad.
The big dog is sleeping.
The little dog is in a big bed.
There are two dog beds.
There is a chair by the dog beds.
The dogs are not allowed in the chair.
The dogs are friends.
The big dog is happy.
The little dog is gray.
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Hypothesis

• A tentative statement that proposes a possible
  explanation to some phenomenon or event
• Attempts to explain a set of observations
• May arise from logical inferences

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Hypothesis

• Uses prior knowledge
• Is an educated guess or a trial answer
• Is a testable statement which may include a
  prediction

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Essential Questions

• Why do scientists/researchers need to follow a
  specified set of steps (method) to investigate
  natural phenomena?
• Is it always bad science to change the
  sequence of steps? Why or why not?
• How do scientists test hypotheses?

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Importance of Science

                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                             
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                     

                                                                                                                             
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                             
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                               

                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                     
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                             
                                                                                                                                                                       

                                                                                                                                                                       
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                 
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                         

• Science helps us to understand the world around
  us and to appreciate it's complexities
• It underlies our health, our work, our
  communications, our entertainment and our
  transport
• It permeates our lives and informs our actions
• Science is a way of thinking, fun, dynamic,
  constantly changing

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Importance of Science

                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                             
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                     

                                                                                                                             
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                             
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                               

                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                     
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                             
                                                                                                                                                                       

                                                                                                                                                                       
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                 
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                         

• Science contributes to our understanding of
  health and disease and enables medical progress
• It shows us our impact on the environment and our
  world
• It empowers us to make technological advancements
• As scientific knowledge grows, so does our
  understanding of the universe

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What Science Isnt

• Scientific knowledge is not the absolute truth
• It is based only on available evidence
• It is subject to modification in light of new
  evidence and new ways of thinking
• Science is limited to the study of the natural
  world and cannot study or explain supernatural
  events

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A Unique Endeavor

• What three things make science different from
  other human endeavors?
• It deals only with the natural world
• Scientists collect and organize information in a
  careful, orderly way, looking for patterns and
  connections between events
• Scientists propose explanations that can be
  tested by examining evidence

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A Good Scientist

• What qualities make for a good scientist?
• Curious
• Honest
• Open minded
• Persistent
• Skeptical

• Patient and careful
• Recognize limitations of science
• Believe in cause and effect
• Concern for mankind

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• Scientist all over the world follow a series of
  steps called A Scientific Method.
• These steps are used to investigate natural
  occurrences by finding cause and effect. They
  design controlled experiments to test their
  premises.
• Following these steps, insures that all
  scientists can share results and learn from each
  other.

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Controlled experimentstest one variable at a time

• With your partner answer the following
  questions
• What would be a valid observation for this
  scenario?
• What is a good problem statement?
• Are the hypotheses testable? Give an example of a
  non-testable hypothesis.
• How is the girl testing one variable at a time?
  And why?
• What conclusion can you draw from the experiment?

• What is wrong with the flashlight?

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SMSH Lab Report Format

• You must follow the school lab report format for
  each lab completed in class.
• Glue the lab report format/rubric to the inside
  cover of your composition book.

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TITLE HOT LAB Seed GerminationBENCHMARK
SC.912.N.1.1 (Scientific Method)GROUP MEMBERS
Write the names of students in your lab
groupPROBLEM Leave two blank lines.
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INTRODUCTION Read the background information
from the lab. Summarize the concept, what is
already known about the lab and the objectives of
the lab.

• Guiding Questions
• What are seeds?
• Describe the structure of
• a seed
• How can you tell if
• a seed as germinated?
• What factors affect seed
• germination?

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Group Assignment

• Problem Statement

• Review the questions provided and as a group
  select one to investigate.
• MUST BE IN THE FOLLOWING CATEGORY
• ? Water or Soil
• Must be approved by teacher before you continue.
• Once approved, write your problem statement in
  your composition book.

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Group Assignment

• Experimental Design Diagram

• Complete the group experimental design diagram
  provided.
• Complete all the sections
• Title
• Problem Statement
• Hypothesis
• Independent Variable
• Number of Tests
• Number of Trials per Test
• Dependent Variable
• Control Test
• Constants
• Materials
• Procedures

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(No Transcript)
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Once your experimental design diagram is approved
by your teacher continue writing your lab report
in your composition book.
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HYPOTHESIS If (state the independent variable)
is (choose an action), then (state the dependent
variable) will (choose an action). MATERIALS
Record precise details of all equipment used in a
bullet format.) . Include quantities used.
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PROCEDURE Do not copy the procedure from
hand-out, summarize. It and provide accurate and
concise details about materials and apparatus
used. Its a recipe and its numbered.VARIABLES
/ CONTROL Identify the dependent, independent,
and constant variables.Independent variable
(manipulated/cause/test variable) factor that
can be changed by the investigator.Dependent
variable (responding/effect/outcome variable)
observable factor of an investigation that is the
result or what happened when the independent
variable was changedConstant/Controls variable
other identified independent variables in the
investigation that are kept or remain the same
during the investigation Control Test separate
experiment that serves as the standard for
comparison
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DATA Contains qualitative quantitative
analysis.Design your own data table and record
all data carefully. - specify which is your
independent variable.
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NEXT CLASS..

• Set-up seed germination lab.
• Review the two missing parts of lab report.
• Analysis
• Conclusion

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RESULTS Ensure that you have used your data
correctly to produce the required result. It data
expresses in words. Includes any other errors or
uncertainties that may affect the validity of
your result. - graph data.- answer analysis
questions
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CONCLUSIONS (CER) CLAIM-EVIDENCE-REASONING.A
conclusion statement answers the following seven
questions in at least three paragraphs.Introducti
on - What was investigated? Was the hypothesis
supported by the data? What were your major
findings? Middle Paragraphs - These paragraphs
discuss the major findings of the experiment,
using data. How did your findings compare with
other researchers?Last Paragraph - What possible
explanations can you offer for your
findings?What recommendations do you have for
further study and for improving the experiment?
What are some possible applications of the
experiment? https//www.youtube.com
/watch?vGKGtkzgKfkc
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EXIT SLIP
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1
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2
A student hypothesized that lettuce seeds would
not sprout (germinate) unless they were exposed
to darkness. The student planted 10 lettuce seeds
under a layer of soil and scattered 10 lettuce
seeds on top of the soil. The data collected
are shown in the table below. Data
Table One way to improve the validity of
these results would be to (a) conclude that
darkness is necessary for lettuce seed
germination (b) conclude that light is necessary
for lettuce seed germination (c) revise the
hypothesis (d) repeat the experiment
Seed Treatment Number of Seeds Germinated
Planted under soil 9
Scattered on top soil 8
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3
Researchers performing a well-designed experiment
should base their conclusions on (A) the
hypothesis of the experiment (B) data from
repeated trials of the experiment (C) a small
sample size to insure a reliable outcome of
the experiment (D) results predicted before
performing the experiment
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Prior Knowledge Activation
Benchmark-Sc.7.N.1.2
4
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• Science is always changing-constant revisions
• Science is an organized way of gathering
  analyzing evidence about the natural world.
• A way of knowing, thinking, observing
• Deals only with the natural world-not
  supernatural