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Religious Revival and Reform

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Title: Religious Revival and Reform


1
Chapter 10
  • Religious Revival and Reform
  • 1824-1840

2
The Rise of Popular Religion
  • Introduction
  • In the 1820s and 1830s, Americans turned to
    preachers who rejected Calvinist beliefs in
    predestination
  • Just as politics was becoming more democratic, so
    was religious doctrine
  • The primary message was that any individual could
    be saved through his or her own efforts and faith
  • This democratic transformation was produced in
    part by a series of religious revivals known as
    the Second Great Awakening

3
The Second Great Awakening
  • From New England, the Second Great Awakening
    moved rapidly to frontier areas
  • Thousands gathered at religious camp meetings
  • These frontier revivals helped to promote law and
    order
  • Diminished the violence prevalent in new western
    areas
  • The Methodists were the largest, most successful
    denomination on the frontier
  • Early 1800s to 1840s

4
Eastern Revivals
  • By the 1820s, the center of religious revivals
    had moved east again
  • It was particularly strong in an area of western
    New York known as the Burned-Over District
  • Mostly along Erie Canal

5
Eastern Revivals (cont.)
  • Charles G. Finney
  • Revivalist leader
  • Preached humans were capable of living without
    sin
  • Humans needed to experience an emotional
    religious conversion

6
Critics of Revivals The Unitarians
  • In New England, the educated and wealthy were
    often repelled by the emotional excesses of
    revivalism and turned instead to Unitarianism
  • This denomination preached that goodness should
    be cultivated by a gradual process of character
    building
  • Emulate the life and teachings of Jesus
  • Believed humans could shape their own destiny and
    improve their behavior

7
The Rise of Mormonism
  • Joseph Smith
  • Started Mormonism in 1820s
  • In the Burned-Over District
  • Moved to Nauvoo, IL to start a model city
  • Began practice of polygamy
  • Prosecuted by authorities and attacked by mobs
    (murdered Smith in 1844)

8
The Rise of Mormonism (cont.)
  • The hostility that the Mormons encountered from
    others convinced Mormon leaders that they must
    separate themselves from American society
  • Brigham Young moved Mormons to the Great Salt
    Lake region in 1846

9
The Shakers
  • Started by Mother Ann Lee in the U.S.A. in 1774
  • Founded separate religious communities
  • The Shakers rejected economic individualism and
    tried to withdraw from American society
  • They separated men and women
  • Banned marriage
  • Relied on converts and adoption to keep their
    numbers up
  • They pooled their land and tools and labor in the
    process of creating remarkably prosperous villages

10
The Age of Reform
  • Introduction
  • The reform movements were strongest in New
    England and in areas of the Midwest settled by
    New Englanders

11
The War on Liquor
  • The temperance movement began by preaching
    moderation in the use of liquor
  • American Temperance Society
  • Movement began to demand total abstinence and
    prohibition laws
  • Most members were middle class
  • 1840s Washington Temperance Societies attracted
    workers though
  • The movement was successful in cutting per capita
    consumption of alcohol in half between the 1820s
    and 1840s

12
Public School Reform
  • Horace Mann
  • Secretary of the MA Board of Education

13
Public School Reform (cont.)
  • Advocated many educational innovations
  • State tax support of schools
  • Grouping pupils into classes by age and level of
    competence
  • Longer school terms
  • Use of standardized textbooks
  • Compulsory attendance laws

14
Public School Reform (cont.)
  • Despite opposition from various groups, many
    northern states adopted these reforms
  • Backed by important constituencies
  • Businesses
  • needed disciplined, literate workers
  • Workingmens groups
  • Saw education as a road to social mobility
  • Reform-minded women
  • realized school reform would open teaching
    careers to women
  • By 1900, 70 of public school teachers were female

15
Abolition
  • Opposition to slavery in the 1820s came mostly
    from black Americans
  • 1831
  • Militant white abolitionist movement began
  • Led by William Lloyd Garrison
  • The Liberator
  • http//www.pbs.org/wgbh/aia/part4/4h2928t.html

16
Abolition (cont.)
  • Most northern whites in the 1830s and 1840s
    were hostile to the abolitionists
  • American Anti-Slavery Society
  • Founded in 1833
  • Suffered from internal quarrels between its
    Garrisonian wing and its New York and western
    wings
  • 2 main points of dispute
  • Whether to support rights for women as well as
    black
  • Whether to take abolitionism into politics

17
Abolition (cont.)
  • http//www.ohiohistorycentral.org/entry.php?rec83
    2
  • http//usa.usembassy.de/etexts/democrac/18.htm

18
Womens Rights
  • Many of the womens rights leaders began their
    reform careers in the abolitionist movement
  • Seneca Falls, NY
  • 1848
  • Womens rights convention
  • Elizabeth Cady Stanton
  • Lucretia Mott
  • Declaration of Sentiments

19
Womens Rights (cont.)
  • http//www.nps.gov/archive/wori/declaration.htm
  • Launch of the feminist movement
  • Women gained a few rights
  • They did not get to vote fully until 1920

20
Penitentiaries and Asylums
  • In the 1820s and 1830s, religious revivalists
    and reformers came to believe that crime,
    poverty, and deviancy were caused by failures of
    parental guidance that could be mended by
    institutions providing the proper discipline and
    environment
  • Following that belief, reformers created
    penitentiaries and workhouses for criminals and
    the indigent

21
Penitentiaries and Asylums (cont.)
  • Dorothea Dix fought for the establishment of
    insane asylums to treat the mentally ill
  • These programs were tied to the belief that
    deviancy could be erased by settling the deviants
    in the right environment

22
Utopian Communities
  • A few reformers founded ideal or utopian
    communities
  • Demonstrate ways of life that they thought were
    superior to those prevailing in antebellum
    American
  • New Harmony, IN
  • Hopedale, MA
  • Brook Farm, MA
  • Most utopian communities were short lived

23
New Harmony, IN
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