PART%20SEVEN

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• PART SEVEN
• Fish Resource Management

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Introduction

• About 80 of fish harvested come from oceans.
• Why is this obvious?
• Most of the worlds water is ocean!

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Introduction

• There are 4 major fishing regions
• North east Atlantic (England/Norway)
• South east Pacific (Western South America)

• North west Pacific (Japan)
• West central Pacific (China/Indonesia)

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Most fishing grounds are found on continental
shelves, WHY?

• The shallow waters of the shelves make harvesting
  more cost effective.
• Closer to shore lower costs fished most
  profitably.

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Most fishing grounds are found on continental
shelves, WHY?

• Plankton is the base of the marine food web.
• Plankton is more abundant in the shallow water of
  the continental shelf because
• enough light penetrates for phytoplankton growth
  photosynthesis to occur
• effective circulation of nutrients. currents
  stir up the nutrients settled on the ocean floor
  and circulate them upwards towards the
  phytoplankton

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Trends in Fish Catches

• What trend(s) do you notice?
• Usually when one fish species declines, fishers
  increase harvesting of another species.

Ex Decrease in cod caused an Increase in
harvesting shell fish (crab, lobster, shrimp,
even mussels etc..)
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Pollution Fisheries Management

• There are a number of issues related to the
  fishery that require management.
• Pollution and conservation of fish stocks TOP the
  list.

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Major Sources of Ocean Pollution

• 1. Oil
• Many devastating spills!
• Hundreds of millions of gallons of oil QUIETLY
  end up in the seas every year, mostly from
  non-accidental sources.

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Major Sources of Ocean Pollution

• 2. Toxic Material
• Industrial, agricultural, household cleaners,
  gardening, and automotive products regularly end
  up in water.
• EX TBT, or tributyl tin, is added to boat paints
  to kill or repel barnacles and other troubling
  organisms that soil ships' hulls.

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Major Sources of Ocean Pollution

• 3. Dangerous Debris
• TRASH, particularly plastics, end up in the sea,
  they pose hazards to marine life.
• Animals drown or strangle from getting tangled in
  discarded or lost fishing gear (GHOST NETS!)
• suffer and even die from eating plastics and
  other garbage.

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Major Sources of Ocean Pollution

• 4. Deposits Withdrawals
• Humans have used oceans as vast dumps for
  domestic, municipal, and industrial garbage for
  thousands of years. (Deposits)
• The enormous deep-sea resources (oil minerals
  etc.) will undoubtedly attract more miners in the
  future (easy-to-reach deposits on land become
  depleted.) (Withdrawals)

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Impact of New Technology on the Ocean Environment
(Pg. 206)

• Factory freezer Trawlers
• have likely had the most significant and
  negative impact.

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The reasons for this include

• Highly efficient at catching fish, but greatly
  reduces the population reproduction.
• Technology such as large diesel engines, echo
  sounding equipment, onboard freezers, and GPS
  navigation contribute to their efficiency.
• Destruction of the ocean floor by trawls/draggers
  eliminates good spawning locations for fish.

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The reasons for this include

• It also disperses eggs, making fertilization more
  difficult.
• By-catch is often discarded. Some regulations
  require ships to return with low levels of by
  catch.
• Go further, stay longer catch more.pressure on
  the stock.

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Sustainable Fishery

• Definition
• Using a resources such as the ocean species in a
  way that will ensure they
• will not become extinct,
• will be protected and increase
• for the benefit of future generations.

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Strategies for a Sustainable Fishery

• Have knowledge about sustaining the fishery.
• People need to understand the long-term
  well-being of the resource.
• Human attitudes must change.
• Decrease consumption AND worlds population!!!!!
• Extend legal jurisdictions. (for controlling -
  to Canada)
• Try to prevent foreign fishing.
• Others.
• Technology, catch methods, pollution, aquaculture
  etc

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Aquaculture

• It is also known as fish farming and involves the
  raising of marine life in a controlled
  environment.
• Hence, this activity breeds and raises fish in
  tanks, ponds, and reservoirs.
• Since the fish are fed regularly and are safe
  from natural predators, they mature rapidly and
  successfully.

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Fish Resource Fishers Livelihood

• The declining fish resources may have a variety
  of affects on fishers. 
• Some of those include
• Fishers may concentrate more on conservation.
• Fishers and their community will have to
  diversify
• develop aquaculture (ex. Bay D'Espoir)
• golf course construction (ex. Frenchmans cove)
• sea weed aquaculture (ex. Isle aux Morts)
• eco-tourism (ex. Northern Peninsula)
• catch underutilized/alternate species.

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Fishers and their community will have to
diversify

• - catch underutilized/alternate species.

Recent Investments in the Fishery
60 million in shrimp processing facilities 3 million in seal tanning plants 1.2 million in processing capacity for new species such as whelk and sea urchins 8-10 million upgrading and modernization of the crab processing sector 50 million upgrading and modernization of fishing vessels
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Fishers and their community will have to
diversify

• - catch underutilized/alternate species.

Groundfish include turbot, lumpfish roe, halibut,
flounder, redfish, monkfish and skate.
Shellfish species includes snow crab, shrimp,
scallops, surf clam, and lobster Pelagic
species include capelin, herring, tuna, mackerel,
salmon, eels, shark and char.
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Monkfish!!
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Lumpfish - Roe
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Eels
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Fishers and their community will have to
diversify

• - develop aquaculture (ex. Bay D'Espoir)

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Fishers and their community will have to
diversify

• - Golf course construction (ex. Frenchmans Cove,
  Burin Pen.)

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Fishers and their community will have to
diversify

• - eco-tourism (ex. Northern Peninsula)

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CASE STUDY

• Read the case study "Empty Seas" p. 211-212.
• Complete the questions 16-19 p. 212
• Hand in when completed (loose leaf).
• Keep in mind you will not be required to
  memorize the answers to these questions but you
  will be asked about other fishing situations and
  be asked to analyze them.