Vocabulary

1
UNIT 9

• Vocabulary
• Types of pollution
• Environmental effects
• Grammar and functions
• Expressing degree
• Graphs Figures
• Revision of the grammar structures

2
ORAL PRACTICE

• Give examples of how we pollute our air, land and
  water
• How can we protect the environment?
• Are you a green person?
• What effects are attributed to global warming?
• Describe the greenhouse effect. How could it be
  reduced?

3
LISTENING

• 1-Environmental pollution is the CONTAMINATION OF
  THE AIR, LAND AND WATER CAUSED BY HUMAN PRODUCTS.
• 2-a) CHEMICALS RELEASED BY INDUSTRIAL PROCESSES
• b) EXHAUST FROM GASOLINE-POWERED VEHICLES LIKE
  AUTOMOBILES,
• c) REFUSE AND GASES EMITTED BY FACTORIES,
• d) sewage and GARBAGE DISPOSED OF BY CITIES,
• e) PESTICIDES USED IN AGRICULTURE.
• 3- THE AMOUNT OF RELEASED POLLUTANTS.
• 4- a) CONSERVATION EFFORTS, SUCH AS RECYCLING
• b) NEW TECHNOLOGIES ALLOW INDUSTRY TO RELEASE
  FEWER POLLUTANTS INTO THE ENVIRONMENT.
• 5- The long-term effects of pollution are not yet
  PRECISELY known, but it is WIDELY believed by
  scientists that GLOBAL WARMING - THE HEATING OF
  THE EARTHS ATMOSPHERE AS A RESULT OF THE
  GREENHOUSE EFFECT is a threat to most forms of
  life on the planet .

4
ADJ/ADV

• Quantity (N) all/every/each mostmany/much
  some, several (a) few/(a) little no (N)
  /none (PRONOUN)/not any
• Frequency (VB) always usual(ly), normal(ly),
  general(ly) often, frequent(ly) sometimes,
  occasional(ly) rare(ly), seldom, hardly/
  scarcely ever never
• Certainty (VB) certain(ly),undoubtedly,
  absolutelyprobably,likely to(INF)
  possibly,perhaps,maybe Uncertainly,unlikely to
  certain(ly) not, definite(ly) not
• Degree (VB/Adj)very ADJ. Significantly,
  substantially, dramatically, strongly, widely
  (used) mostly, greatly, highly, too, rather,
  fairly, quite slightly, hardly, scarcely
  New sites for wind farms are likely
  to be mostly offshore
• Global carbon emissions have significantly
  increased in the last years

5
EXERCISE DEGREE A

• 1 We installed a complete new system
• We installed a completely new system
• 2 It was a really enjoyable film
• It was a real enjoyable film
• 3 The product is full guaranteed for a year
• The product is fully guaranteed for a year
• 4 The new car was a closely guarded secret
• The new car was a close guarded secret
• 5 He's a highly paid executive
• He's a high paid executive

6
EXERCISE DEGREE B

1. Plant and animal life can be greatly affected by
   global warming
2. He's a highly qualified engineer
3. It was a badly written report and it needed a lot
   of corrections
4. He presented a well structured report
5. Supercharger engines achieve extremely high
   performance
6. Lignites energy content is rather low
7. Wind power is likely to be the most widely used
   renewable energy source in the future
8. Stacked solar cells significantly increase the
   efficiency of solar cells
9. With a better control of CO2 emissions global
   warming would never have increased
10. Simply throwing trash into the recycling bin
    hardly does anything to reduce rubbish

7
TRANSLATION

• Industrial and domestic pollution HAVE/HAS
  RISEN/INCREASED IN THE LAST 50 YEARS.
• Industrial air pollution includes the so-called
  greenhouse gases, LIKE/SUCH AS CARBON DIOXIDE
  and CFCs .
• BESIDES/IN ADDITION TO THESE GASES, we must not
  forget sulphur dioxide and nitrogen oxides,
• WHICH RESULT IN/GIVE RISE TO ACID RAIN.
• The largest single cause of industrial air
  pollution is the electricity industry, AS/SINCE
  ALL FOSSIL FUELS PRODUCE, AT LEAST, CARBON
  DIOXIDE.
• NEW TECHNOLOGIES ARE BEING APPLIED in a few
  places in order to minimize the effect of
  dangerous gas emissions,
• but these technologies are still very expensive
  and WOULD MAKE/CAUSE THE PRICE OF ELECTRICITY
  Ø/TO RISE/INCREASE .

8
TRANSLATION

• Two important causes of water pollution are ACID
  RAIN AND THERMAL POLLUTION.
• Land pollution is also an environmental THREAT
• IT ALSO TAKES PLACE/HAPPENS/OCCURS WHEN THE
  INDUSTRIAL WASTE is buried or ..
• Usually, but, AS WE HAVE SEEN, ,
• and UNLESS WE CONTRIBUTE to reduce global
  pollution AS MUCH AS WE CAN.

9
VIDEO TYPES OF POLLUTIONAir pollution
145-220

1. Main causes TOXIC GASES EXHAUSTS THAT ARE LED
   OUT INTO THE AIR
2. Produced by
3. INDUSTRIES
4. VOLCANOS
5. JET PLANES
6. AUTOMOBILES
7. FOTEST FIRES
8. BURNING OF GARBAGE
9. Consequences CONTAIN MANY HARMFUL GASES THAT
   CAUSE
10. DISEASES IN HUMAN BEINGS
11. DESTRUCTION OF VEGETATION
12. DAMAGE TO THE STRUCTURES ON EARTH
13. CAN ALSO FORM ACID RAIN

10
VIDEO TYPES OF POLLUTIONWater pollution
220-255

• Main causes EFFLUENTS LED INTO WATER BODIES
  FROM
• INDUSTRIES
• SEWAGE FROM TOWNS CITIES
• WASHING CLOTHES CATTLE IN WATER BODIES
• RESIDUES OF FERTILIZERS PESTICIDES CARRIED INTO
  WATER BODIES DURING RAIN
• The list of pollutants can be quite long
• OIL SPILL IN THE OCEANS HARMS MARINE LIFE

11
VIDEO TYPES OF POLLUTIONLand pollution
255-422

• Main sources HEAPS OF SOLID WASTE FROM
• HOUSES, CATTLE SHEDS, INDUSTRIES, AGRICULTURAL
  FIELDS
• It includes
• HAZARDOUS WASTE
• GLASS
• FRUIT VEGETABLE WASTE
• DEAD BODIES OF ANIMALS
• OLD CLOTHES, PAPER, PLASTIC BOTTLES, CANS
• EXCRETA, CHEMICALS, WOOD PIECES
• Consequences
• THE HEAPS OF SOLID WASTE PROVIDE BREEDING GROUND
  FOR GERMS
• IN ADDITION TO SPOILING THE BEAUTY AND
  SURROUNDINGS THEY EMIT FOUL SMELL
• Solutions CONTROLLING LAND POLLUTION. WASTE
  DISPOSAL DONE CAREFULLY SCIENTIFICALLY. IT
  DEPENDS ON THE KIND OF SOLID WASTE
• CONSTRUCTING MATERIAL IS BURIED IN LAND FILLS
• PLASTIC, TIN CANS, METAL SCRAP, PAPER MUST BE
  RECYCLED
• PLANT HOUSEHOLD ORGANIC MATERIAL SHOULD BE
  TURNED INTO MANURE
• BIOGAS CAN BE OBTAINED FROM BIODEGRADABLE WASTE
• WASTE FROM HOSPITAL NURSING HOMES SHOULD BE
  BURNT IN INCINERATORS

12
VIDEO TYPES OF POLLUTION

• Soil pollution 420-457
• Difference with air pollution LOCALIZED
  PHENOMENON (AIR WATER POLLUTION SPREADS TO LONG
  DISTANCES)
• The two main reasons for soil pollution are
• POLLUTANTS WASHED DOWN FROM THE ATMOSPHERE
  BECAUSE OF RAIN
• INSECTICIDES AND PESTICIDES APPLIED TO THE CROPS
• THIS ALTERS THE COMPOSITION AND QUALITY OF THE
  SOIL
• Noise pollution 457-600
• What is noise? ANY UNWANTED SOUND
• Unit of measurement DECIBEL (DB)
• Examples THE LOWEST SOUND 1 db, A ROCKET
  TAKING OFF 180 db. NORMAL TALK 60db
• Consequences PRODUCE ADVERSE EFFECTS ON HUMAN
  BEINGS OTHER ANIMAL LIFE
• Which two aspects of noise are injurious for
  health? LOUDNESS and DURATION OF NOISE
• Other consequences ACUTE DAMAGE TO THE EAR
  DRUM, DEAFNESS, LOWERS EFFICIENCY OF WORK,
  DISTURBS SLEEP, IRRABILITY
• Thermal pollution 600-625
• What is thermal pollution? RELEASE OF HEATED
  GASES OR WATER REPEATEDLY INTO THE ENVIRONMENT,
  INCLUDING WATER BODIES
• Consequences
• IF RELEASED IN THE ATMOSPHERE THEY WARM UP THE
  AIR IN THAT AREA
• IF RELEASED IN WATER BODIES THEY KILL THE AQUATIC
  LIFE

13
LISTENING GREENHOUSE EFFECT

1. A greenhouse is a building whose sides and roof
   are made of glass so that the temperature inside
   is magnified. And it is used to grow plants that
   need high temperatures.
2. These changes result from increasing the carbon
   dioxide levels in the atmosphere, thus raising
   the surface temperature of the earth. And this is
   known as the Greenhouse Effect.
3. since 1860, with a sharp increase since 1958.
4. The main reason is the burning of fossil fuels.
5. by about 15 -from about 290 to about 340 parts
   per million.
6. about 0.032

14
LISTENING GREENHOUSE EFFECT

1. incoming sunlight consists of many wavelengths,
   including some very dangerous ones.
2. But ozone, water vapour and CO2 destroy the
   harmful wavelengths. So what reaches the earth is
   visible light. It is absorbed and reradiated into
   the atmosphere as longer wavelength infrared (IR)
   radiation, or heat, as the earth cools.
3. This IR radiation is absorbed by CO2.
4. The CO2 then radiates a portion of the absorbed
   heat energy back to the earth, to warm the
   atmosphere.
5. Like the glass in a greenhouse, the CO2 in the
   atmosphere acts as a one-way filter that allows
   visible light to enter the Earths atmosphere,
   but prevents longer wavelength heat radiation
   from leaving.
6. Assuming that energy is arriving from the sun at
   a constant rate, then as the level of CO2
   increases, the average surface temperature of the
   Earth should rise.
7. in 1863, but it was taken as a serious matter in
   1956.
8. a projected increase in CO2 to 375 parts per
   million in the year 2000 could cause the average
   air temperature to increase by about 0.5ºC.

15
GRAPHS FIGURES

• As can be seen/ As shown IN THE TABLE/ GRAPH
• As can be seen / As shown IN Ø Table/Graph 2
• UP RISE / INCREASE / GROW /CLIMB /GO UP
• DOWN DECREASE / DROP / FALL / DECLINE/ GO DOWN
• Typically N Vb are modified by DEGREE ADJ/ADV
• ( e.g. a sharp increase / increased sharply)
• PREPOSITIONS
• - Figures BY(about)Ø 10 /FROM(UP)TO Ø
  10/ACCOUNT FOR 10
• Time OVER a period / FROM TO / DURING/ SINCE
  (1994)/ FOR a long time
• With NOUNS Rise / increase / growth / drop /
  change / decline / decrease IN value

16
EXERCISE B US Electricity

• The two PIECHARTS ILLUSTRATE the production of
  electricity in the US BY SOURCE in 2003 and 2012.
  
• In general, COAL was the most important .,
  although nuclear power GREW in importance.
• In 2003, coal-powered stations were the main
  source of electricity, producing 46 of
  electricity, and this FIGURE increased TO 55 in
  2012.
• The SECOND most important source was natural
  gas, with almost 25.
• However, by 2012, this had DECLINED to just
  12.3.
• Hydroelectric power also declined OVER the same
  period, FROM 16 to less than 14.
• BY CONTRAST nuclear energy gained in importance.
• It ROSE from just 1.4 of production in 2003 to
  almost 14 in 2012, a TEN FOLD increase.
• IN SUMMARY more electricity was produced from
  coal and nuclear energy, WHILE natural gas,
  hydroelectric power, and oil declined IN
  IMPORTANCE

17
VIDEO HOUSING PRICES

• What is VERY SIGNIFICANT about in the four
  countries OVER THE DECADE is that the houses in
  Japan DECLINED SHARPLY IN VALUE, FALLING BY 40
• This CONTRASTS VERY STRONGLY with Australia.
• The latter did see A MARGINAL DROP IN house
  prices FROM 2000 TO 2002
• but the next two years experienced VERY STRONG
  GROWTH.
• After A STABLE PERIOD LASTING four years
  Australian house prices DOUBLED IN VALUE
• so that OVER THE WHOLE PERIOD house prices in
  Australia RECORDED GROWTH OF 120

18
VIDEO HOUSING PRICES

• SIMILARLY, the UK saw A CONSIDERABLE INCREASE
• From 2000 TO 2008 house prices MORE THAN DOUBLED
  
• but after that FELL SHARPLY
• Canada also stands IN SHARP CONTRAST
• because it is the only country where HOUSE PRICE
  GROWTH WAS REGULAR

19
VIDEO HOUSING PRICES

• The table data shows that THE 120 CHANGE IN
  HOUSE PRICES in Australia .
• was FROM A QUARTER OF A MILLION DOLLARS TO MORE
  THAN HALF A MILLION DOLLARS
• However AVERAGE ANNUAL WAGES during that period
  ONLY INCREASED BY ABOUT 50
• The effect of this is that in 2000 HOUSE PRICES
  EQUATED TO 570
• while ten years later THAT FIGURE HAD CLIMBED
  CONSIDERABLY TO 780

20
VIDEO ACID RAIN

• PARAGRAPH 1
• Which is the common thing in some lakes of
  Europe?
• What is happening to some forests in Central
  Europe?
• Which percentage of forests is affected?
• What is happening to the future of salmon and
  trout fishing in N Sw?
• How many lakes in Sweden are not capable of
  supporting fish?
• Which is the cause?
• PARAGRAPH 2
• Which substances contain sulphur?
• When does this sulphur become sulphuric acid?
• What happens to this sulphuric acid
• Which are the consequences of it falling locally?
  
• what happens to pollution produced in Britain?
• PARAGRAPH 3
• What effects does it have?
• For example in Scandinavia the fish were
  disappearing from the lakes why?.
• That is, what?

21
VIDEO ACID RAIN

• PARAGRAPH 1
• they are threatened by a huge ecological disaster
  
• the great forests are now dead or dying
• 30
• the future of salmon and trout fishing is
  threatened
• More than 4,000
• acid rain
• PARAGRAPH 2
• All fossil fuels, that is coal, oil and gas
  contain sulphur
• when these are burnt, such as in power stations
  or motor vehicles
• This sulphuric acid goes up into the air with the
  exhaust fumes and sooner or later it must fall
  back to earth
• people who live in, near power stations notice
  that their cars rust quickly or that their
  masonry gets worn away
• It is transported as far as Scandinavia
• PARAGRAPH 3
• it damages vehicles and buildings, but it also
  has serious ecological effects
• this was due to the acidification of the lakes,
• there was so much sulphuric acid in the rain that
  the lakes themselves became acid which killed the
  fish

22
VIDEO ACID RAIN

• PARAGRAPH 4
• Apart from the fish, what other things does it
  affect?
• In Czechoslovakia what happened in the 60s ?
• When was the phenomenon noticed in Germany?
• What is the situation now?
• Which is the main source of acid rain?
• What is required in Japan and W Germany?
• What do these mechanism do?
• What is the solution in Britain?
• Is that any real use?
• PARAGRAPH 5
• Which fuel could make some difference?
• What is another major source of acid rain?
• What is possible with this type of fuel?
• What do these mechanisms do?
• When is this solution not possible?
• Why?
• PARAGRAPH 6
• Summarize this paragraph

23
VIDEO ACID RAIN

• PARAGRAPH 4
• Acid rain also affects trees
• In Czechoslovakia in the 60s trees began to die
  and now there are large areas of former forest
  which consist of only dead trees
• in the late 70s
• many forest areas are dying and some are already
  dead
• electric power stations
• laws requiring their power stations to build
  filter installations
• prevent the acid getting out into the air
• that the chimneys be built taller so that the
  pollution is more distributed
• it improves our air in our cities but it
  distributes the pollution further afield, so that
  forests in Scandinavia get affected
• PARAGRAPH 5
• the introduction of lead-free petrol
• motor vehicles
• it would be possible to build exhaust filters
• prevent the release of acid
• with lead in the petrol
• because it prevents the filter mechanism from
  working
• PARAGRAPH 6
• some of the forests are already too badly
  affected to be saved, but there are a lot more
  forests which are slightly affected, and if
  action was taken now, then they perhaps could be
  saved.

24
UNIT 10

• Vocabulary
• Waste disposal
• Recycling
• Grammar and functions
• Describing processes Sequencing
• Revision of the grammar structures

25
LISTENING WASTE DISPOSAL

• Which are the 4 main sources of waste? MINES
  (39), AGRICULTURE (53), INDUSTRY (2), DOMESTIC
  HOMES / WASTE (6)
• Where does it go?
• OPEN DUMPS (55)
• NOT COLLECTED OR DISPOSED OF (23) LEFT ON THE
  SPOT
• LAND-FILL METHOD (12) BURIED IN THE GROUND
• BURNT (9)
• DUMPED TO SEE (1)
• DOMESTIC WASTE (RUBBISH, GARBAGE)
• Open dumps advantages EASY TO OPERATE and THE
  CHEAPEST OF THE 3
• disadvantages
  unsightly, CAUSE AIR POLLUTION WHEN RUBBISH IS
  BURNT, SMELL, MATERIALS LAND ARE WASTED and
  they can contaminate ...
• Land fill advantages CHEAP, NO OBJECTABLE
  SMELLS OR PESTS, and when the landfill is
  completed LAND MORE USEFUL THAN BEFORE (e.g.
  sports field or park)
• Disadvantages WASTE MATERIALS and USES A
  LARGE AREA OF LAND .
• Incineration (i.e. BURNING) Advantages about
  80 OF DOMESTIC RUBBISH and REDUCE ITS VOLUME BY
  90 it requires VERY LITTLE LAND and it produces
  INCOME FROM THE RECOVERY OF WASTE METAL GLASS
• Disadvantages EXPENSIVE TO BUILD AN
  INCINERATION PLANT and CAUSES AIR POLLUTION
  unless sophisticated pollution controls are
  installed.

26
TRANSLATION RESOURCE RECOVERY

• Numerous thermal processes recover energy IN
  DIFFERENT WAYS FROM SOLID WASTE.
• THESE SYSTEMS/METHODS ARE DIVIDED INTO TWO
  GROUPS combustion processes and pyrolysis
  processes.
• A number of companies burn in-plant wastes in
  conventional incinerators INORDER TO
  PRODUCE/GENERATE STEAM
• THE WATER FLOWING through the tubes ALLOWS THE
  HEAT GENERATED IN THE COMBUSTION CHAMBER TO BE
  ABSORBED AND GENERATE STEAM.
• Pyrolysis CONSISTS OF DECOMPOSING CHEMICALLY
  SOLID WASTE by heat in an oxygen-reduced
  atmosphere.
• THIS RESULTS IN A GAS THAT CONTAINS various
  gases, DEPENDING ON THE ORGANIC CHARACTERISTICS
  OF THE LYROLIZED MATERIAL
• IF USERS SEPARATED THEIR RUBBISH A LARGER AMOUNT
  OF WASTE COULD BE RECYCLED and that would
  improve life in our planet
• since THE GREATER THE RECYCLED VOLUME ,THE
  LONGER OUR NATURAL RESOURCES WILL LAST

27
VIDEO- STORY OF ALUMINIUM RECYCLING

• Which are the properties of Al? LIGHT DURABLE
• What kind of metal s it? NON-FERROUS METAL
• It is normally used for? DRINK CANS
• How much was recycled in Devon last year? 660
  tonnes of Al cans
• Which other material is also collected? STEEL
• How? On kerbside BINS, BOXES, BAGS, RECYCLING
  BANKS

28
VIDEO- STORY OF ALUMINIUM RECYCLING

• AFTER THE CANS HAVE BEEN COLLECTED, THEY ARE
  TAKEN TO A RECYCLING DEPOT (b)
• IN ORDER TO SEPARATE STEEL CANS FROM ALUMNIUM, A
  GIANT MAGNET IS USED TO REMOVE STEEL (e)
• ALUMNIUM IS THEN CRUSHED AND BALED (c)
• THE ALUMNIUM IS THEN SENT TO A REPROCESSING
  COMPANY (h)
• ONCE IT ARRIVES IT IS SHREDDED INTO BITS THE SIZE
  OF A TEN-PENCE PIECE (g)
• THE SHREDS ARE THEN PASSED THROUGH A DOUBLE
  MAGNETIC DRUM SEPARATOR TO REMOVE STEEL
  CONTAMINATES THAT MAY HAVE BEEN MISSED (k)
• BEFORE THE CANS CAN BE MELTED, THEY NEED TO BE
  DE-COATED OF THE VARNISH LACQUER WHICH IS USED
  DURING MANUFACTURING TO PROTECT THE CANS (d)
• THIS IS REMOVED BY BLOWING HOT AIR THROUGH THE
  SHREDS (l)
• THE HOT, DE-COATED CANS CAN THEN BE FED INTO A
  HUGE 90 TONNE FURNACE TO BE MELTED (i)
• NEXT THE MOLTEN METAL IS CAST INTO INGOTS. THIS
  IS ACHIEVED BY TILTING THE FURNACE AND POURING
  THE MOLTEN METAL INTO A CASTING UNIT (f)
• AFTER BEING CAST AND CHILLED, THE ALUMNIUM INGOTS
  ARE CUT SQUARE AND SENT OFF TO THE MILL, WHERE
  THEY ARE ROLLED OUT INTO SHEETS (a)
• THE SHEET ALUMINIUM IS THEN SOLD ONTO
  MANUFACTURERS FOR A RANGE OF USES (j)

29
VIDEO- STORY OF ALUMINIUM RECYCLING

• i-The cans are collected and taken to a recycling
  depot
• A- A magnet is used to separate the steel cans
  from aluminium
• F- Next aluminium is crushed and baled
• C- After this the aluminium is sent to a
  reprocessing company
• E- Here the aluminum is cut down into very small
  pieces
• B- A magnetic drum is used to remove any rests of
  steel
• K- The varnish coat that protected the can is
  removed before melting
• L- This is done by blowing hot air
• G- Once the cans have been decoated, they are
  taken to a furnace
• H- Subsequently, the liquid aluminum is poured
  into casts
• J- The square ingots are then rolled into sheets
• D- And these aluminium sheets are used to
  manufacture new products
• USES Car parts (wheels), bikes, packaging (foil,
  cans), construction parts, household appliances

30
VIDEO- STORY OF ALUMINIUM RECYCLING

• Which are the characteristics of Aluminium?
  LIGHT, DURABLE, THE MOST WIDELY USED NON FERROUS
  METAL
• How much was recycled in Devon last year? 660
  TONNES OF ALUMNIUM CANS
• Where is Aluminium collected from? KERBSIDE
  BINS, BOXES, BAGS, RECYCLING BANKS
• EXPLAIN THE STEPS OF ALUMNIUM RECYCLING
• AFTER THE CANS HAVE BEEN COLLECTED, THEY ARE
  TAKEN TO A RECYCLING DEPOT
• IN ORDER TO SEPARATE STEEL CANS FROM ALUMNIUM, A
  GIANT MAGNET IS USED TO REMOVE STEEL
• ALUMNIUM IS THEN CRUSHED AND BALED
• THE ALUMNIUM IS THEN SENT TO A REPROCESSING
  COMPANY
• IT IS SHREDDED INTO BITS THE SIZE OF A TEN-PENCE
  PIECE
• THE SHREDS ARE PASSED THROUGH A DOUBLE MAGNETIC
  DRUM SEPARATOR TO REMOVE STEEL CONTAMINATES THAT
  MAY HAVE BEEN MISSED

31
VIDEO- STORY OF ALUMINIUM RECYCLING

• BEFORE THE CANS CAN BE MELTED, THEY NEED TO BE
  DE-COATED OF THE VARNISH LACQUER WHICH IS USED
  DURING MANUFACTURING TO PROTECT THE CANS
• THIS IS REMVED BY BLOWING HOT AIR THROUGH THE
  SHREDS
• THE HOT, DE-COATED CANS CAN THEN BE FED INT A
  HUGE 90 TONNE FURNACE TO BE MELTED
• NEXT THE MOLTEN METAL IS CAST INTO INGOTS. THIS
  IS ACHIEVED BY TILTING THE FURNACE AND POURING
  THE MOLTEN METAL INTO A CASTING UNIT
• AFTER BEING CAST AND CHILLED, THE ALUMNIUM INGOTS
  ARE CUT SQUARE AND SENT OFF TO THE MILL, WHERE
  THEY ARE ROLLED OUT INTO SHEETS
• THE SHEET ALUMINIUM IS SOLD ONTO MANUFACTURERS
  FOR A RANGE OF USES
• Give examples of use of recycled aluminium
• CAR PARTS, SUCH AS ALLOY WHEELS, BIKES, PACKAGING
  (eg FOIL CANS), CONSTRUCTION PARTS, HOUSEHOLD
  APPLIANCES

32
ALUMINIUM RECYCLING- REORDER

• 1 Aluminum cans are gathered from recycling
  centers
• 6 They are sent to a scrap processing company
  where they are collected into large bales.
• 3 The bales are then sent to an aluminum company
  where the cans are shredded, crushed, stripped
  and burned
• 7 They are then sent into a furnace where they
  are melted with new, untouched aluminum and the
  two are melted together.
• 5 The new aluminum is then poured out into
  sheets, and cut down into sheets 1/100th of an
  inch thick.
• 2 The aluminum then cools, and is coiled up into
  large rolls and sent to can makers.
• 4 The can makers then mold the aluminum into can
  shapes, and send them off to soda makers to
  bottle their beverage.

33
Sample exam MULTIPLE CHOICE

• Electromagnetism led to the development of
  electric motors
• As opposed to engines, motors need electricity to
  work
• Generators can produce as much energy as 1.5
  million volts
• The addition of chromium prevents iron from
  corroding
• Variation in the field around a conductor may be
  produced by varying the strength of the field
• The conductor in which an emf is induced should
  be part of a circuit
• Conductors let electricity flow through them
• If a compass is left near an electric current,
  its needle will be deflected
• What would happen if you heated this bar?
• A piece of iron is magnetised when it is placed
  near a current