The End of Colonialism

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The End of Colonialism

• 1900-1970s

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Phases of Decolonization

• 1st - Late 1940s
• Asia and the Middle East
• India, the Philippines, Iraq, Jordan, Israel
  become independent
• 2nd Mid 1950s Mid 1970s
• Africa
• More than 50 countries created

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REASONS FOR THE END OF EMPIRES

• Empires continue to rise and fall
• Assyrians, Han, Romans, Mongols, etc.
• But this time its a bit different
• Nationalism
• Earlier failures did not create lots of
  nation-states

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• Decolonization was more like the American
  Revolutions (N. S.) of the 18th and 19th
  centuries
• New nations claimed to be equal to their former
  rulers
• The key difference
• Africans and Asians not only asserted political
  independence but also affirmed their cultures
• Devalued during colonial era

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Why the 2nd Half of the 20th Century?

• 3 Theories
• The end was inevitable
• Western values of Christianity and progress did
  not work with
• Colonial racism
• Exploitation
• Poverty
• Democracy and colonial dictatorships could not
  coexist

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• Conjuncture
• the coming together of several separate
  developments at the same time
• World Wars Europeans not morally superior
• The United Nations gave colonized people a voice
• Western educated elites realize that European
  values and colonial practices were far apart
• Ordinary people (on both sides) wanted an end to
  colonialism

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• A specific group of people brought down the
  colonial system
• The deliberate actions of a few people killed it
  off
• Ex. Gandhi

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INDIA

• India had a long history w/ Empires
• Never saw themselves as Indians
• Diverse
• Languages
• Religions
• Castes

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The British

• Unlike previous rulers, the British did not
  assimilate
• Saw themselves as racially and culturally
  superior
• Helps India form a national identity

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Gandhi

• A lawyer who goes to South Africa and experiences
  overt racism for the 1st time
• Protests S.A. segregation
• formulates his confrontational nonviolent
  approach
• satyagraha

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What did Gandhi Want?

• The moral transformation of individuals
• NOT social Revolution
• No industrialization/tech.
• A union of Muslims and Hindus SINGLE NATION

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INDEPENDENCE

• 1947
• India (Hindu) and Pakistan (Muslim) become
  separate independent countries
• Result
• One Million die
• 12 million refugees
• Gandhi is assassinated in 1948 by Hindu extremists