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Ch 9 Cellular Respiration

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Title: Ch 9 Cellular Respiration


1
Ch 9Cellular Respiration
2
What is Cellular Respiration?The Big Picture
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  • Catabolic Pathways and Production of _____
  • _________________- catabolic process that is a
    partial degradation of sugars that occurs without
    the use of ____________.
  • _____________________- catabolic pathway that is
    the most efficient and prevalent. ______________
    is consumed as a reaction with organic fuel. In
    eukaryotic cells, _________________ is the
    location.
  • Formula of Cell Respiration

ATP
FERMENTATION
OXYGEN
CELLULAR RESPIRATION
OXYGEN
MITOCHONDRION
C6H12O6 6 O2 ? 6 CO2 6 H2O ENERGY
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  • Redox Reactions
  • Why do catabolic pathways that decompose glucose
    and other organic fuels yield energy?
  • The relocation of electrons released energy
    stored in organic molecules and is used to
    synthesize ATP.
  • Na Cl ? Na Cl-
  • A redox reaction that relocates electrons (very
    electronegative) closer to oxygen _____________
    chemical energy that can be put to work.
  • Example with Cellular Respiration Formula

RELEASES
Pg 162
7
  • Energy Harvest via NAD and the Electron
    Transport chain
  • Cellular respiration breaks down ____________ and
    other fuels in a series of steps that strip
    electrons from glucose (creating sources of
    energy).
  • For each electron, a hydrogen atom (proton) is
    present. The hydrogen atoms are not transferred
    directly to oxygen but pass to an enzyme called
    ________ (nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide)
  • The enzyme __________________ removes a pair of
    hydrogen atoms (2 e- 2 protons) from the
    substrate. The enzyme delivers the two electrons
    along with one proton to its coenzyme, NAD. The
    proton is released as an H into the surrounding
    solution.
  • Formula

GLUCOSE
NAD
DEHYDROGENASE
Pg 162
8
  • NAD is ______________ to NADH. Each NADH
    molecule formed during respiration represents
    stored energy that can be tapped to make ATP when
    the electrons complete their ________ down an
    energy gradient from NADH to oxygen
  • Respiration uses an ____________________________
    to break the fall of electrons to oxygen into
    several energy-releasing steps.
  • Summary Food?NADH? ETC? Oxygen

REDUCED
FALL
ELECTRON TRANSPORT CHAIN
9
GLYCOLYSIS
  • ______________ (the first metabolic stage of
    respiration)
  • Glycolysis harvests chemical energy by oxidizing
    ___________ to pyruvate.
  • Two Phases
  • Energy ______________ phase cell spends ATP
  • Formula
  • Energy ______________ Phase ATP is produced by
    substrate-level ___________________ and NAD
    reduction to NADH by electrons released from
    oxidation of glucose.
  • Formula
  • Net energy yield from glycolysis per glucose is
    ___ ATP and __ NADH
  • Glycolysis releases less than a quarter of the
    chemical energy stored in glucose while the rest
    remains in the two molecules of pyruvate.
  • Diagram
  • Basic overview awesome glycolysis
  • step by step Glycolysis

GLUCOSE
INVESTMENT
2 ATP ? 2 ADP 2 P
PAYOFF
PHOSPHORYLATION
2 NAD 4 e- 4 H ? 2 NADH 2 H
2 2
Pg 166-167 fig 9.9
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  • The Citric Acid/ Krebs Cycle- occurs when oxygen
    is ______________
  • ______________ enters the mitochondrion via
    active transport where the enzymes of the citric
    acid cycle complete the ______________.
  • Steps of Citric Acid Cycle (p.169 Figure 9.12)
  • 1. Pyruvate is converted to a compound called
    acetyl coenzyme A or _________________.
  • During this step, pyruvates carboxyl group which
    is already fully oxidized is removed and given
    off as ______ because it has little energy.
  • The remaining two-carbon fragment is oxidized
    forming acetate. An enzyme transfers the
    extracted electrons to NAD, storing energy as
    _________.
  • Coenzyme A is attached to acetate by an unstable
    bond making the acetyl group very reactive. This
    results in ______________ and is ready for its
    acetyl group to be oxidized.

PRESENT
PYRUVATE
OXIDATION
ACETYL CoA
CO2
NADH
ACETYL CoA
16
  • 2. Acetyl CoA adds its two-carbon acetyl group to
    oxaloacetate producing citrate
  • The next seven steps ______________ the citrate
    back to oxaloacetate.
  • 3. Citrate is converted to its isomer isocitrate
    by the ______________ of one water molecule and
    the addition of another.
  • 4. Citrate loses a CO2 molecule and its result
    is ______________, reducing NAD to NADH
  • 5. Another CO2 is lost, and the result is
    oxidized, reducing NAD to NADH. The remaining
    molecule is attached to coenzyme A by an
    ______________ bond.

DECOMPOSE
REMOVAL
OXIDIZED
UNSTABLE
17
PHOSPHATE
  • 6. CoA is displaced by a ______________ group,
    which is transferred to GDP, forming GTP, and
    then to ADP, forming ATP (__________-level
    phosphorylation)
  • 7. Two ______________ are transferred to FAD,
    forming FADH2 and oxidizing succinate.
  • 8. Addition of a ______________ molecule
    rearranges bonds in the substrate.
  • 9. The substrate is oxidized, reducing NAD to
    NADH and ______________ oxaloacetate.
  • Krebs animation 1
  • Krebs Cycle

SUBSTRATE
HYDROGENS
WATER
REGENERATING
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  • Electron Transport Chain
  • The ETC is a collection of molecules embedded in
    the ____________________ of the mitochondrion.
    The folding of the inner membrane of the
    mitochondrion.
  • Since the cristae contains many folds, it
    provides space for ______________ of copies of
    the chain in each mitochondrion.
  • Sequence of electron carriers (p. 171 Figure
    9.13)
  • Electron carriers alternate between
    ______________ and oxidized states as they accept
    and donate electrons.
  • Each component of the chain becomes reduced when
    it accepts electrons from its uphill neighbor
    which is less ________________and returns to its
    oxidized form as it passes electrons to its
    ______________, more electronegative neighbor.

INNER MEMBRANE
THOUSANDS
REDUCED
ELECTRONEGATIVE
DOWNHILL
28
  • Steps of the ETC
  • The first molecule is a ______________ because it
    has a prosthetic group called flavin
    mononucleotide (FMN)
  • The flavoprotein returns to its oxidized form as
    it passes ______________ to an iron-sulfur
    protein (FeS).
  • The iron-sulfur protein then passes electrons to
    a compound called ubiquinone. Ubiquinone is
    ________within the membrane rather than residing
    in a complex.
  • Most of the remaining electron carriers between
    ubiquinone and oxygen are proteins called
    ______________.
  • Cytochromes have a prosthetic ______ group which
    has an iron atom that accepts and donates
    electrons.
  • Each of the cytochromes in the ETC has a
    ______________ electron-carrying heme group.
  • FADH2, another reduced product of the citric acid
    cycle is another source of electrons for the ETC.
    FADH2 adds its electrons to the ETC at complex II
    at a ______________ energy level than NADH does.

FLAVOPROTEIN
ELECTRONS
MOBILE
CYTOCHROMES
HEME
DIFFERENT
LOWER
29
  • Function of the ETC
  • The ETC makes no ATP ______________.
  • The function is to _____ the fall of electrons
    from food to oxygen to break a large free energy
    drop into a series of smaller steps that release
    energy in ______________ amounts.
  • _________________- The Energy Coupling Mechanism
  • ATP synthase is an ______________ located in the
    inner membrane of the mitochondrion.
  • ATP synthase makes ATP from ADP and inorganic
    ______________
  • ATP synthase works like an ion pump in
    ______________.
  • Uses energy of an existing ion ______________ to
    power ATP synthesis by phosphorylation.
  • The power source is the proton gradient and
    therefore is the difference in ______________ of
    H on opposite sides of the membrane.

DIRECTLY
EASE
MANAGEABLE
CHEMIOSMOSIS
ENZYME
PHOSPHATE
REVERSE
GRADIENT
CONCENTRATION
30
  • Chemiosmosis The process where energy is stored
    in the form of an H gradient ______________ a
    membrane being used to drive cellular work. (Do
    not confuse with osmosis)
  • P 171 Figure 9.14 4 Parts to ATP synthase
  • How does inner mitochondrial membrane generate
    and keep the H gradient?
  • Electron transport chain purpose is to _______
    the H gradient.
  • The ETC pumps electrons across the membrane (from
    the mitochondrial ________ to the intermembrane
    space).
  • H has a tendency to move _______ across the
    membrane so ions pass through a channel in ATP
    synthase to drive the phosphorylation of ADP.
  • The energy stored in an H gradient across a
    membrane couples the redox reactions of the ETC
    to ATP synthesis an example of chemiosmosis.
  • This H gradient is referred to as
    ________-motive force capacity to do work

ACROSS
CREATE
MATRIX
BACK
PROTON
31
  • Other examples of chemiosmosis
  • ______________ use to generate ATP during
    photosynthesis (light drives ETC)
  • ______________ generate H gradients across their
    plasma membrane, then tap the proton-motive force
    to make ATP and pump nutrients and waste across
    the membrane, and to rotate their flagella.
  • Electron Transport
  • ETC and ATP Synthesis
  • CR Overview (long)
  • ETC

CHLOROPLASTS
PROKARYOTES
32
  • Total ATP Production by Cellular Respiration
  • Energy flow glucose? NADH? ETC?proton motive
    force? ATP
  • Three main parts of cell respiration
  • Glycolysis (substrate-level phosphorylation)
  • __ ATP, __ pyruvate, __ NADH
  • Citric Acid Cycle (_________ Cycle) substrate
    level phos.
  • __ ATP, __ NADH, __ FADH2
  • Electron Transport chain (oxidative
    phosphorylation)
  • __ or __ ATP
  • Totals __ or __ ATP

2 2 2
KREBS
2 6 2
32 34
36 38
33
  • Fermentation
  • Fermentation consists of glycolysis and reactions
    that ______________ NAD by transferring
    electrons from NADH to pyruvate or derivative of
    pyruvate.
  • The NAD can be reused to oxidize sugar by
    glycolysis resulting in two (net) ATP.
  • Two types of Fermentation
  • ______________ Fermentation Steps
  • Pyruvate is converted to ethanol (ethyl alcohol)
    in two steps. The first step releases CO2 from
    the pyruvate which is converted to the two-carbon
    compound acetaldehyde.
  • In the second step, acetaldehyde is reduced by
    NADH to ethanol. This regenerates the supply of
    NAD needed to continue glycolysis.
  • Examples

REGENERATE
ALCOHOLIC
bacteria yeast, humans use it to brew beer, make
wine, and bread.
34
  • ______________ acid fermentation Steps
  • Pyruvate is reduced directly to NADH to form
    lactate as an end product with no release of CO2.
    (Lactate is the ionized form of lactic acid)
  • Examples of Lactic acid fermentation
  • Microbial fermentation produce acetone and
    methanol
  • ____________________________ make ATP by lactic
    acid fermentation when oxygen is scarce.
  • Strenuous exercise when sugar catabolism for ATP
    production outpaces the muscles supply of oxygen
    from the blood.
  • This build up of lactate causes muscle fatigue
    and pain.
  • fermentation 1
  • Evolutionary Significance of Glycolysis
  • Both ______________ and ______________ use
    ______________ to generate _____.

LACTIC ACID
HUMAN MUSCLE CELLS
EUKARYOTES
PROKARYOTES
GLYCOLYSIS
ATP
35
  • Chapter 10- Photosynthesis
  • Sunlight the main source of ____________ on
    Earth
  • ________________ process by which light energy
    from the sun is captured by ________________and
    is converted to chemical energy stored in
    _________ and other organic molecules.
  • ________________are producers produce their
    food from CO2 and other inorganic raw materials
    obtained from the environment.
  • The main source of organic compounds for all
    ________________ organisms.
  • Almost all plants are autotrophs, specifically
    ___________________since they use light as a
    source of energy to synthesize organic compounds.
  • Examples p.182 Figure 10.2
  • ________________are consumers obtain their
    organic material by consuming compounds produced
    by other organisms.
  • Almost all heterotrophs are dependent on
    __________________ for food and oxygen

ENERGY
PHOTOSYNTHESIS
CHLOROPLASTS
SUGAR
AUTOTROPHS
NONAUTOTROPHIC
PHOTOAUTOTROPHS
HETEROTROPHS
PHOTOAUTOTROPHS
36
  • Introduction to Photosynthesis
  • Formula (LEARN)
  • Plant structure p. 183 Figure 10.3

6 CO2 6 H2O LIGHT ? C6H12O6 6 O2
37
  • ________________gives a plant or leaf its green
    color as it is a green ________________located
    within chloroplasts. It is the light energy
    ________________by chlorophyll that drives the
    synthesis of organic molecules
  • Chloroplasts are found in the cells of the
    ________________, the tissue in the interior of a
    leaf
  • Carbon dioxide enters the leaf and oxygen exits
    by the ________________which are tiny pores.
  • An envelope of two membranes encloses the
    ________________, the dense fluid within the
    chloroplast.
  • The ___________ are a system of interconnected
    membranous sacs that segregate the stroma from
    the thylakoid space.
  • Thylakoids can be stacked in columns called
    _____________.
  • Chlorophyll is located in the thylakoid
    ________________.

CHLOROPHYLL
PIGMENT
ABSORBED
MESOPHYLL
STOMATA
STROMA
THYLAKOIDS
GRANA
MEMBRANE
38
  • The oxygen released from photosynthesis is due to
    the splitting of ____ and not _____.
  • The _______ is incorporated into sugar and ____
    is released as waste.
  • Photosynthesis is a _________ process
  • Water is split, and electrons are transferred
    along with H ions from the __________ to CO2,
    reducing it to a sugar.
  • Since electrons __________ in potential energy as
    they move from water to sugar, this requires
    energy which is provided by ___________.

H2O
CO2
H
O
REDOX
WATER
INCREASE
LIGHT
39
  • Photosynthesis is broken up into ____ phases
  • The light-________________reactions (photo)
  • Solar energy is converted to __________ energy
    (____ and ______)
  • Light absorbed by chlorophyll drives a transfer
    of electrons and Hydrogen from water to an
    acceptor called ____________.
  • Water is ______ and releases oxygen.
  • Solar power is used to reduce NADP to NADPH by
    adding a pair of ________________along with a
    hydrogen nucleus or H
  • ATP is generated by chemiosmosis by
    ________________________.
  • Two products NADPH and ATP

2
DEPENDENT
CHEMICAL
ATP
NADPH
NADP
SPLIT
ELECTRONS
PHOTOPHOSPHORYLATION
40
  • Calvin cycle (synthesis) Light independent
    reactions (sort of)
  • _______ from the air is incorporated into organic
    molecules already present in chloroplast. This
    process is called carbon ________________.
  • Next, the fixed carbon is reduced to
    ________________ by the addition of electrons.
    Reducing power is provided by ________________.
  • To convert CO2 to carbohydrate, the Calvin cycle
    also requires ________________ energy in the form
    of ATP.
  • Dark reactions because it does not require light
    directly but needs the products of the light
    reactions.
  • Products Sugar (glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate then
    ________________)

CO2
FIXATION
CARBOHYDRATE
NADPH
CHEMICAL
GLUCOSE
41
  • Sunlight and the light Spectrum
  • Light is a form of energy known as
    electromagnetic energy and travels in rhythmic
    _________.
  • Wavelength the ________________ between crests
    of waves
  • Electromagnetic spectrum the entire spectrum of
    ________________ ranging in wavelength from
    _______ a nanometer (gamma rays) to _______ a
    kilometer (radio waves).

WAVES
DISTANCE
RADIATION
lt
gt
42
  • ____________ Light From 380 nm to 750 nm.
  • ___________ discrete particles that act like
    objects with a fixed quantity of energy.
  • Energy of photons is ________________ related to
    the wavelength of the light shorter wavelength,
    the ________________ the energy.
  • The sun radiates the full spectrum but the
    atmosphere only ________________ visible light to
    pass through.
  • Visible light drives ________________.

VISIBLE
PHOTONS
INVERSELY
GREATER
ALLOWS
PHOTOSYNTHESIS
43
  • ______________- substance that absorbs visible
    light.
  • Different pigments absorb (and reflect) light of
    different ________________and cause the absorbed
    wavelengths to disappear.
  • The color we see is the color that is the most
    ______________ by the pigment.
  • Example seeing green or black, or white.
  • ____________________- instrument that can measure
    the ability of a pigment to absorb various
    wavelengths of light.
  • It directs beams of light of different
    wavelengths through a solution of pigment to
    measure the ________________ of light transmitted
    at each wavelength.
  • ________________Spectrum- graph plotting a
    pigments absorption v. wavelength.
  • Pg 187 Figure 10.9

PIGMENT
WAVELENGTHS
REFLECTED
SPECTROPHOTOMETER
FRACTION
ABSORPTION
44
  • Significance By analyzing absorption spectra of
    chloroplast pigments, scientists can compare the
    relative ________________ of different
    wavelengths for driving photosynthesis. (How do
    we know which wavelength is most effective?)
  • ________________ spectrum- graph plotting the
    rate of photosynthesis (____ release or ____
    consumption) v. wavelength
  • ________________- the main photosynthetic pigment
  • Chlorophyll a v. Chlorophyll b- Chlorophyll b is
    an accessory pigment that has a slight structural
    difference which allows them to absorb slightly
    different colors (and have different colors).
  • ________________- yellow and orange hydrocarbons
    that absorb violet and blue-green light.
  • These can broaden the spectrum of photosynthesis
    and provide __________________ ability to absorb
    and rid excessive light energy that would damage
    chlorophyll or interact with oxygen.

EFFECTIVENESS
ACTION
O2
CO2
CHLOROPHYLL
CAROTENOIDS
PHOTOPROTECTION
45
  • Chlorophyll and Light
  • When a molecule ________________a photon of
    light, one of the molecules electrons is
    elevated to an orbital where it has more
    potential energy (from ground state to
    ___________ state).
  • A compound absorbs only photons that have
    specific wavelengths which is why each pigment
    has its ________________ absorption spectrum.
  • The electron ________________ stay in an excited
    state so will drop to its ground state which
    releases excess energy as _____________.
  • Chlorophyll in isolation will also release light
    (_____________) as well as heat.
  • P. 189 Fig. 10.11
  • Example Car roof on a hot day (which is
    coolest?)

ABSORBS
EXCITED
UNIQUE
CANNOT
HEAT
FLUORESCENCE
46
  • ________________ Reaction Center associated with
    Light-Harvesting Complexes
  • Photosystems are composed of reaction centers
    surrounded by a number of light-harvesting
    complexes that consist of ____________ molecules
    bound to particular ___________.
  • The number and variety of pigment molecules allow
    a photosystem to harvest light over a
    ________________ surface of the spectrum.
  • Picture

PHOTOSYSTEM
PIGMENT
PROTEINS
LARGER
47
  • Reaction Center- protein complex that includes
    two ________________chlorophyll a molecules and a
    molecule called the primary electron acceptor.
  • These chlorophyll a molecules, because of their
    environment enable them to use the energy from
    light to boost one of their electrons to a
    ________________ energy level.
  • First step of the light reactions
    ___________-powered transfer an electron from the
    special chlorophyll a molecule to the primary
    electron acceptor (_________ reaction).
  • Photosystems convert light energy to chemical
    energy to be used to ________________ sugar.
  • The ________________membrane contains two types
    of photosystems that cooperate in the light
    reactions.
  • Photosystem II (PSII) first (Chlorophyll a-
    ______) Photosystem I (PSI) (Chlorophyll a-
    ______)

SPECIAL
HIGHER
SOLAR
REDOX
SYNTHESIZE
THYLAKOID
p680
p700
48
  • Reactions in the Photosystem- Noncyclic electron
    flow pg190
  • Photon of light hits a ________________ in a
    light harvesting complex and is moved to other
    pigment molecules until it reaches a P680
    molecule in PS II. It excites one of the two P680
    molecules.
  • The electron is then ________________by the
    primary electron acceptor.
  • An enzyme splits a water molecule into two
    electrons, two H ions and ½ O2. Electrons are
    supplied one by one to the ________ replacing an
    electron ______ to the primary electron acceptor.
    Oxygen combines with another oxygen to form O2.
  • Each excited electron passes from the primary
    electron acceptor of PS II to PS I by an
    ________________________________.

PIGMENT
CAPTURED
p680
LOST
ELECTRON TRANSPORT CHAIN
49
  • The exergonic ______ of electrons to a lower
    energy level provides energy for _____ synthesis.
  • At the same time, light energy was
    ________________by a light harvesting complex to
    the PS I reaction center, exciting an electron of
    a P700 molecule. The excited electron is then
    captured by PS I primary electron acceptor,
    creating an electron hole in P700. Hole is
    filled by an electron that reaches the bottom of
    the electron transport chain from _________.
  • Excited electrons are passed from PS Is
    ________________________________ down a electron
    transport chain through the protein
    ________________ (Fd).
  • The enzyme NADP reductase transfers electrons
    from Fd to NADP. Two electrons are required for
    its ________________ to NADPH.
  • Summary Light reactions use solar power to
    generate ATP (chemical energy) and NADPH
    (reducing power) which will fuel the
    ________________.
  • non cyclic- good!

FALL
ATP
TRANSFERRED
PS II
PRIMARY ELECTRON ACCEPTOR
FERRODOXIN
REDUCTION
CALVIN CYCLE
50
  • Reactions in the Photosystem- _____________
    electron flow
  • Under certain conditions, photoexcited electrons
    can take a cyclic electron flow which uses
    photosystem ___ but not photosystem ___.
  • Electrons ______ back from ferredoxin (Fd) to the
    cytochromes complex and back from there on to a
    P700 in the PS I reaction center.
  • ATP is ______________.
  • There is no production of ________________ and no
    release of ________________.
  • Why use cyclic electron flow?
  • Noncyclic electron flow generates an
    ________________ amount of ATP and NADPH but the
    Calvin cycle uses _________ ATP than NADPH so
    cyclic electron flow can provide more ATP.
  • A rise in NADPH can result in shift to cyclic
    electron flow which allows ATP to catch up to
    NADPH (_____________________).

CYCLIC
I
II
CYCLE
GENERATED
NADPH
OXYGEN
EQUAL
MORE
SUPPLY DEMAND
Cyclic noncyclic
51
Links!
  • cyclic vs non cyclic no narration
  • Cyclic noncyclic
  • non cyclic- good!
  • non cyclic light rxn
  • Light rxn overview

52
CHLOROPLAST BOTH MITOCHONDRIA
photosystems capture light energy and use it to drive electrons to the top of the transport chain. Have ETC in membrane proteins pump proteins across membranes High energy electrons dropped down the transport chain are extracted from organic molecules
chloroplast transform light energy into chemical energy in ATP (and NADPH) Electrons pass through progressively more electronegative carriers mitochondria transfer chemical energy from food molecules to ATP (and NADH)
53
CHLOROPLAST BOTH MITOCHONDRIA
The thylakoid membrane of the chloroplast pumps protons from the stroma into the thylakoid space (interior of the thylakoid), which functions as the H reservoir. The thylakoid membrane makes ATP as the hydrogen ions diffuse down their concentration gradient from the thylakoid space back to the stroma ATP synthase are very similar The inner membrane of the mitochondrion pumps protons from the mitochondrial matrix out of the intermembrane space, which then serves as a reservoir of hydrogen ions that powers the ATP synthase.
54
  • The Calvin Cycle
  • Similar to the citric acid cycle in that a
    starting material is _________________ after
    molecules enter and leave the cycle.
  • But while the citric acid cycle is catabolic, the
    Calvin cycle is _________________, building sugar
    from smaller molecules while consuming energy.
  • ______ (glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate) is directly
    produced from the Calvin Cycle (requires
    _________ turns of the Calvin Cycle, fixing three
    molecules of CO2
  • Phase 1 _________________
  • CO2 molecules are fixated one at a time by the
    enzyme RuBP carboxylase (_________________),
    attaching to a five carbon sugar, ribulose
    biphosphate (_________________).
  • This produces a six-carbon _________________so
    unstable that it immediately splits in half,
    forming two molecules of 3-phosphoglycerate (for
    each CO2).

REGENERATED
ANABOLIC
G3P
3
CARBON FIXATION
RUBISCO
RuBP
INTERMEDIATE
55
  • Phase 2 _________________
  • Each molecule of 3-phosphoglycerate receives an
    additional phosphate group from ______, becoming
    1, 3-biphosphoglycerate.
  • Next, a pair of electrons donated from
    ___________ reduces 1, 3-biphosphoglycerate to
    G3P. Specifically, the electrons from NADPH
    reduces the carboxyl group of 3-phosphoglycerate
    to the aldehyde group of G3P, which stores more
    _____________ energy.
  • G3P is a sugarthe same three-carbon sugar form
    in _________________ by the splitting of glucose.
  • For every ________ molecules of CO2, there are
    ______ molecules of G3P. But only ____ molecule
    of this three-carbon sugar can be counted as a
    net gain of carbohydrate.

REDUCTION
ATP
NADPH
POTENTIAL
GLYCOLYSIS
SIX
THREE
ONE
56
  • The cycle began with ___ carbons worth of
    carbohydrate in the form of three molecules of
    the five-carbon sugar _______.
  • Now there are ____ carbons worth of carbohydrate
    in the form of six molecules of G3P. One molecule
    ______ the cycle to be used by the plant cell,
    but the other five molecules must be recycled to
    regenerate the three molecules of RuBP.

15
RuBP
18
EXITS
57
  • Phase 3 _________________ of the CO2 acceptor
    (RuBP).
  • With a series of reactions, the carbon skeletons
    of five molecules of G3P are __________ by the
    last steps of the Calvin Cycle into three
    molecules of RuBP.
  • The cycle spends three more molecules of ATP. The
    RuBP is now prepared to receive CO2 again, and
    the cycle continues.
  • For the net synthesis of one G3P molecule, the
    Calvin cycle ______________ a total of 9
    molecules of ATP and six molecules of NADPH.
  • G3P becomes the _________________ molecule for
    metabolic pathways for other organic compounds.
  • Photosynthesis is an _________________ property
    of the chloroplast which integrates both stages
    (neither could _________________ on its own).

REGENERATION
REARRANGED
CONSUMES
STARTING
EMERGENT
EXIST
58
Calvin Cycle Links
  • Calvin Cycle 1
  • Calvin Cycle step by step
  • Calvin cycle step by step 2
  • PS review

59
  • Summarizing Photosynthesis Significance
  • Sugar in chloroplasts supplies entire plant with
    chemical energy and carbon skeletons for the
    _________________of all the major organic
    molecules of plant cells.
  • 50 of organic material made by photosynthesis is
    consumed as fuel for cellular respiration in the
    _________________of plant cells.
  • Sometimes there is a loss of photosynthetic
    products to _________________
  • Only green cells are autotrophic parts of plant.
    The rest depends on molecules such as
    carbohydrates to be transported out of the leaves
    in the form of _________________.
  • Most plants manage to make more organic fuel than
    they need to use so they can store it in the form
    of _________________ (chloroplasts).
  • Photosynthesis is responsible for the
    _________________in our atmosphere.

SYNTHESIS
MITOCHONDRIA
PHOTORESPIRATION
SUCROSE
STARCH
OXYGEN
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