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Recognizing the Agricultural Applications of Biotechnology

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Title: Recognizing the Agricultural Applications of Biotechnology


1
Recognizing the Agricultural Applications of
Biotechnology
2
Next Generation Science/Common Core Standards
Addressed!
  • MS-LS1-1. Conduct an investigation to provide
    evidence that living things are made of cells
    either one cell or many different numbers and
    types of cells. Clarification Statement
    Emphasis is on developing evidence that living
    things are made of cells, distinguishing between
    living and non-living cells, and understanding
    that living things may be made of one cell or
    many and
  • varied cells.
  • MS-LS1-3 Use argument supported by evidence
    for how the body is a system of interacting
    subsystems composed of groups of cells.
    Clarification Statement Emphasis is on the
    conceptual understanding that cells form tissues
    and tissues form organs specialized for
    particular body functions. Examples could include
    the interaction of subsystems within a system and
    the normal functioning of those systems.
    Assessment Boundary Assessment does not include
    the mechanism of one body system independent of
    others. Assessment is limited to the circulatory,
    excretory, digestive, respiratory, muscular, and
    nervous systems.

3
Bell Work!
  • How does biotechnology affect
  • reproduction in animals?
  • Do you believe cloning is ethical?
  • Should we pre-determine the sex of an
  • Animal?

4
Lesson Objectives
  • Objective 1 Explain the latest applications of
    biotechnology in plant, animal, and food science
    research.
  • Objective 2 Describe the basic processes of
    genetic engineering.
  • Objective 3 Explain the basic steps of
    recombinant DNA technology.
  • Objective 4 Define and describe DNA
    fingerprinting.
  • Objective 5 Explain the steps in basic plant
    tissue culture.

5
Scientific developments in agriculture have
resulted in rapid changes.
  • Science has resulted in advanced methods of
    cloning or reproducing organisms genetically
    identical to the parents.

6
  • Plant tissue culture is a cloning process in
    which single plant cells or groups of cells are
    grown in an artificial medium under sterile
    conditions.

7
  • Embryo splitting involves removing an embryo from
    its mother, splitting the embryo, and placing
    each half into a different animals uterus for
    development.

8
  • Asexual reproduction of plants by seed without
    fertilization that results in plants identical to
    the female plant is known as apomixis.

9
The reproductive capacities of animals have been
improved.
10
  • Superovulation is a practice in which animals are
    induced to produce many more eggs than normal
    during their estrus cycle.

11
Superovulation Results!
12
  • The method of removing embryos from a mother and
    placing them in other females for development is
    called embryo transfer.

13
Genetic engineering involves the manipulation of
genetic material within the cell.
  • Recombinant DNA technology involves removing tiny
    amounts of DNA from one organism and inserting
    them into the DNA of another organism.
  • Recombinant DNA technology is also known as gene
    splicing.

14
  • The process of moving DNA fragments from one cell
    to another is transformation.
  • Transgenic organisms are those that have been
    altered through transformation.

15
Basic challenges of recombinant DNA technology
  • locating genetic material
  • removing the material
  • transferring the material into the DNA of another
    organism.

16
  • Gene coding for specific functions needs to be
    located on the DNA before recombinant DNA
    technology is applied.
  • 1. A complete complement of genetic material in
    an organism is the genome.
  • 2. Locating and recording the site of specific
    genes within the chromosomes is gene mapping.
  • Selected portions of DNA containing the desired
    gene are cut with a restriction enzyme.

17
  • The DNA fragments are fused or attached through a
    ligation process to form a recombinant molecule.
  • A vector is an agent, commonly bacteria or
    viruses, that transfers the DNA into a cell.
  • Small pieces of DNA in bacteria known as plasmids
    are the principal vector used to insert genetic
    material into cells.

18
DNA Fingerprinting
  • DNA fingerprinting is a genetic tool which
    identifies like a fingerprint because comparisons
    produce a unique pattern that can identify an
    individual.

19
How does it work?
  • Electrophoresis is the process by which DNA
    fragments are drawn through an agarose gel from a
    negative to a positive charge due to the negative
    charge of the phosphate group on the single
    strand DNA.
  • The technique used to transfer DNA patterns for
    reading is called Southern blotting.

20
Southern Blotting Technique
  • Matching fingerprints
  • Compare each line of the one that you knowto the
    lines in the same position on each ofthe
    possible matching fingerprints.
  • If there is one line that does not match
    inlocation or size, that one is eliminated
    fromthe process.
  • A match must have all lines in the sameposition
    and of the same size.

21
  • Parental disputes
  • Identify the bands of the known parent in the
    offspring.
  • Remaining bands in offspring must come from the
    other parent.
  • If remaining bands in offspring do notmatch,
    paternity is disproved.

22
Tissue culture is a very technical form of
asexual reproduction.
  • Steps in successful tissue culture require
    aseptic or sterile conditions.
  • Small pieces of plant material or individual
    cells, explants, are removed from the mother
    plant.
  • Explants are cleaned and grown on an agar media
    in test tubes or other glass laboratory
    containers, a process known as in vitro.

23
  • Callous or a group of undifferentiated cells
    form.
  • The cells are transferred to a media with
    appropriate hormones where they differentiate and
    form plantlets.

24
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