Personality

1
Chapter 15

• Personality

2
???????

• ????????????????????????????Gordon Allport
  ???????????,??????????????????,?????????????????,?
  ????????????
• ???????
• ????
• ??????
• ????(life-span)??
• ????
• ????
• ????
• ??/ ????

3
???? ?

• ?????????
• ?????persona,?????,??????????????????
• ???
• ???????????????????,?????????????,??????
• ??1960??,?Walter Mischel ???,??????????????(?????
  )???,???????????????1980????,?????????

4

• ???
• ??????????????????????????????????,???????????????
  ,???????
• ???????????????????,?????????????????????

5
????????

• ?????
• ??????
• ????? ???
• ???????????,???????? ?.....

6
Sigmund Freud Psychoanalysis

• ??????1856?,????????
• ?????????????????????,??????????????????
• ????????????????,????????,?????????????????????
• ????????????????????????
• ??? (the unconscious)
• ??????????????????????????????????

7

• Table 15.1 Personality Structures of
  Psychodynamic Theory. According to Freud, the id,
  the ego, and the superego are the basis for
  personality development and expression.

8

• ?????
• ??????????????????
• ??????????????????????????????
• ?Freud??????????????????,???????????????????????
  ????,?????????????????????
• ????
• ?? (id)
• ??????????,????????????????
• ????????????????????????
• ??????????????????????????

9

• ?? (ego)
• ????????????????????,?????????
• ?????????
• ????????,?????????,???????
• ?? (superego)
• ??????????????????????????????????,??????????
• ?????????????????????????????????,???????????????
  
• ?????????????????????,?????????????????????????,??
  ????????????

10

• ????
• ????
• ????????(???????libido??)????,??????????,??????
  ????
• ????????????????,????????????,?????????????
• ?????
• ????????????????,?????????????????????????????????
  ?????????????
• ??????????????????????????????

11
Defense Mechanisms (????)

• Repression (??/??)
• Rationalization (???)
• Reaction Formation (????)
• Projection (??)
• Denial (??)
• Displacement (??)
• Sublimation (??)
• Regression (??)

12
Stages of Personality Development

• Phallic Stage (first 2 years) ???
• Anal Stage (2-4 years old) ???
• Phallic Stage (4-6 years old) ???
• Oedipal conflict (??????, ??????)
• Electra conflict
• Latency Stage ???
• Genital Stage ???
• Fixation (??)
• ????????????????????????,???????????

13
?????????

• ????,????????????????
• ????????????????????,?????????????????????
• ????????????????????????????,???????????????,?????
  ???????????
• ???????????????
• ????????????????????????,??????????????????????,??
  ?????????????????

14
?Freud?????

• ?????????????????
• ?????????????????
• ??????????????????????????????????????,??????????
  ??????????
• ????????????????????
• ??????????,???????
• ????,???????
• ??????? ?????
• ?????????????????,??????????

15
?Freud?????

• ???????
• ???????

16
???????????????

• ????1870??????,1895??????????
• ???????????????????,???????????
• ?????????????????????,?????????????
• ?????????????????,??????????????????????????,?????
  ???????
• ??????????????,???????,??????????????????????????
  ???

17
??????????????

• ??1875?,???????????
• ??????????????????????,??????????????????????????
  ??????????????????????????????,???????????
• ?????
• Persona(??)??????????????,??????????????
• shadow(??)????????,????????????????????????????,?
  ?????????????
• anima(???)????????????????????,??????????????
• animus(???)????????????,??????????

18
???????????????

• ??1885?,???????????,???????
• ????????????????????????
• ??Freud???????????,??????????,????????????????????
  ??????????
• ??????????????????????????????(???????)
• ?????????Horney??1937??????????????(The
  Neurotic Personality of Our Time)???,?????????????
  ?????????????

19
???????????????

• (1)?????????
• ??????,?????????
• (2)??,??????????????,???????
• ??????,??????????
• (3)?????????????,????????,???????
• ???????,??????????
• (4)??,????????????,??????,??????????????????
• ??????,????????????

20
The Humanistic Approach (????)

• ?????????????????????,?????????????????????1962?,
  ????????????????,????????????
• ?????????????????????????????,???????????????????
  ?????????????,??????????,?????????????
• ?????????????????????????????????????????,????????
  ??????,?????????????????????????????,?????????????
  ??

21
The Humanistic Approach (????)

• ????????,??????????????????????????,??????????????
  ??????????????????,??????????????,????,??????????,
  ?????,?????????????
• ?????????????????????????????????,??????????

22
The Humanistic Approach (????)

• Carl Rogers Self Theory
• ???????,????????????????????
• ?????????????????????????,?????,????????,????????
  
• ????????????????????,????????????????????????????
  ???,??????????????
• ????(?????)?Rogers?????????
• ????????????????,????????????????,????????????????
  ?,??????????????

23
The Humanistic Approach (????)

• ??????????????????????,?????????,?????
• ????????????????????????????,???????????????????,
  ????????????????????????,????????????????????,????
  ?????????????????????????????????????????,???????
  ?????????

24
The Humanistic Approach (????)

• Maslow
• ????
• ?????Maslow?????????????????????????????????????
  ????????
• ????????????????????????????????,?Maslow????????
  ???????????????????????????????????????

25
????????

• ??
• ?????????,??????????????????
• ?????????????
• ??????????????
• ??????????????
• ???????????
• ??
• ????????????????

26
????????

• ????????????????,?????????????
• ????????(???????)????????,????????????????????????
  ,??????????

27
The Cognitive-Behavioral Approach

• Antecedents??????????Skinner?????,?????????????
  ???????????
• Julian Rotter Social-Learning Theory
• Rotter ??????????????????????????????????????
• Internal locus of control
• External locus of control
• Albert Bandura Social Cognitive Theory
• Reciprocal determinism ?????????????????????

28

• Figure 15.2 Reciprocal Determinism. In Albert
  Bandura's social-cognitive theory, thinking,
  behavior, and the environment reciprocally
  interact.

29
??????????

• ??
• ??????????
• ??????????,???????????
• ??
• ??????????????????????????????
• ???????????????

30
The Trait-Based Approach

• Traits - Personal Dispositions Gordon Allport
• ????????,???????????????,?????????????,??????????
  ?????????????
• ?????5-10?????,??????,??????????????
• ?????????????,????????
• ???????????????????????????

31
The Trait-Based Approach

• ????1930??,Allport?Odbert??????,????18,000???????
  ???,?????5????????????????,???4500???,???????????
  ????????????
• Cattell(1957,1966)????Allport-Odbert list
  ?????200???,????????????(???7??????,??????????????
  ?,??????????????,?????),????????,??16????
• ???????Eysenck???????,???????????,?????????(???
  )(?????????,???????)?

32

• Figure 15.3 Eysenck's Personality Dimensions.
  This chart illustrates two of the three
  personality dimensions described by Hans Eysenck.
  (His third dimension, psychoticism, is not
  represented.)

33
The Trait-Based Approach

• The Big Five Personality Traits
• Neuroticism
• Extroversion
• Openness
• Agreeableness
• Conscientiousness

34
????????

• ??????????????
• ??????????????????,?????????????

35
The Biological Approach

• ?????,????????????????????????????????????
• ????????????????,?????????????????????????????????
  ????????????????????????????????????
• ???????????????,???????????(??????????)???????????
  ??????????

36
The Biological Approach

• ?????????????
• ????????????????????????????????????????,????????
  ??????????????
• ????Buss(1994,1995,2001,2003)??Big Five
  ???????????????,???????????????????????????????

37
Measuring Personality

• Projective Tests (????)
• The Rorschach inkblot test (???????)
• The thematic apperception test (??????(TAT) )
• Objective Personality Tests
• Minnesota multiphasic personality inventory
  (MMPI)
• validity scales
• clinical scales
• NEO personality inventory revised (NEO-PI-R)

38

• Figure 15.4 Rorschach Inkblot Test. What do you
  see?

39

• Figure 15.5 Thematic Apperception Test (TAT). In
  the Thematic Apperception Test, illustrations of
  ambiguous situations are used to prompt test
  takers to project their own personalities into
  the scene.