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Title: Psychological Disorders


1
Chapter 16
  • Psychological Disorders

2
A. What is Normal?
  • Symptoms of Psychological Disorders
  • Deviation from a norm
  • Maladaptive
  • Emotional Discomfort

3
Why do you think the U.S. has such a high
prevalence of mental disorders?
4
A. What is Normal?
  • Deviation from a statistically calculated norm
  • If a person behaves in a way that a majority
    of people do (approximately 68) then the
    behavior is normal. If not, the behavior is
    abnormal

abnormal
abnormal
normal
5
A. What is Normal?
  • Shortcomings of this definition
  • It doesnt discriminate between desirable and
    undesirable abnormality
  • Just because a statistical majority of people
    engage in a particular behavior does not mean
    that society would like to encourage it as being
    normal

6
A. What is Normal?
  • Emotional Discomfort
  • If a persons behavior causes him/her distress
    than the behavior is considered to be abnormal

7
A. What is Normal?
  • Shortcomings of this definition
  • Some behavior are so abhorrent that despite
    someones comfort level if it is not normal
    behavior

8
A. What is Normal?
  • Deviation from a social/cultural norm
  • A cultural norm is what society deems as being
    acceptable. There are norms that cover all types
    of behaviors.
  • When do we notice norms?

9
A. What is Normal?
  • Shortcomings of this definition
  • There are different norms for different cultures,
    and different age groups. Additionally, norms
    change over time.

10
A. What is Normal?
  • Maladaptivity
  • If a behavior interferes with a persons
    ability to function it is considered to be
    abnormal. If a person is still able to function
    adequately in everyday life, than it is not
    abnormal.

11
Explaining Psychological Disorders
  • Biological Factors
  • The earliest supporter of this view was
    Hippocrates. He saw mental disorders as being
    some kind of physical illness. He believed that
    disorders were caused by imbalances of the four
    humors (bodily fluids) which are blood, black
    bile, phlegm, and yellow bile.
  • Hippocrates believed that depression resulted
    from an excess of black bile (melancholia)

12
Explaining Psychological Disorders
  • Neurobiological model
  • This model looks at problems in anatomy and
    physiology of the brain and other areas.
  • This model dominates modern research on the
    causesand treatmentsof psychological disorders.
    People who adhere to this model see mental
    disorders as being caused by a physical illness,
    and believed it can be diagnosed, treated and
    cured.

13
Explaining Psychological Disorders
  • Psychological Processes
  • In this view, mental disorders are seen as being
    caused by inner turmoil or other psychological
    events.
  • Psychological models Include the psychodynamic,
    cognitive-behavioral, and phenomenological
    (humanistic) approaches

14
Explaining Psychological Disorders
  • Sociocultural Context
  • Sociocultural explanations rely on factors such
    as gender and age, physical and social
    situations, cultural values and expectations, and
    historical eras. Culture-general disorders
    appear in most societies while culture-specific
    forms appear only in certain ones.

15
Explaining Psychological Disorders
  • Diathesis-Stress as an Integrative Approach
  • Diathesis-stress model
  • This model views genetics, early learning, and
    biological processes as contributing factors to
    psychological disorders.
  • In other words, a persons inherited
    characteristics, biological processes, and early
    learning experiences may create a predisposition
    (or diathesis) for a psychological disorder, but
    whether or not the disorder appears depends on
    the stressors the person encounters

16
Classifying Psychological Disorders
  • A Classification System DSM-IV-TR
  • This is the most comprehensive and
    authoritative set of guidelines available for
    diagnosing psychological disorders. It includes
    the symptoms, the exact criteria that must be met
    to make a diagnosis, and the typical course for
    each mental disorder.

17
Classifying Psychological Disorders
  • Axis I Clinical Syndromes comprises
    descriptive criteria of 16 major mental
    disorders)
  • Diagnosis of disorders are made on Axes I and II
  • It is on this axis that clinician record any
    major disorders that are apparent.

18
Classifying Psychological Disorders
  • Axis II Personality disorders
  • these disorders are patterns of personality
    traits that are longstanding, maladaptive, and
    inflexible and involve impaired functioning or
    subjective distress. Examples include
    borderline, schizoid, and antisocial personality
    disorders) and mental retardation

19
Classifying Psychological Disorders
  • Axis III General Medical Conditions Physical
    disorders of conditions are recorded on this
    axis. Examples include diabetes, arthritis, and
    hemophilia)

20
Classifying Psychological Disorders
  • Axis IV Psychosocial and Environmental
    Problems
  • Types and levels of stress, it may be a
    negative life event, an environmental difficulty
    or deficiency, a familial or other interpersonal
    stress, an inadequacy of social support or
    personal resources, or another problem that
    describes the context in which a persons
    difficulties have developed

21
Classifying Psychological Disorders
  • Axis V Global Assessment of Function (GAF)
    Scale
  • Has a rating of that ranges from 100 (Superior
    functioning in a wide range of activities) to 1
    (Persistent danger of severely hurting self or
    others).
  • Estimate are made of the individuals current
    level of adaptive functioning as a whole and of
    the individuals highest level of functioning in
    the past year

22
Classifying Psychological Disorders
  • Diagnosis of disorders are made on Axes I and II
  • Axes III, IV, and V are used to record
    supplemental information about the patient

23
Classifying Psychological Disorders
  • Purposes and Problems of Diagnosis
  • Goals Help identify appropriate treatment for
    clients and to accurately and consistently group
    patients with similar disorders so that research
    efforts can more easily identify underlying
    causes of mental illness
  • Limitations
  • Validity Some argue that attempts on improving
    the consistency of the diagnosis has taken away
    from the validity of the diagnosis

24
Classifying Psychological Disorders
  • Purposes and Problems of Diagnosis
  • Limitations
  • Interrater Reliability Studies have shown that
    80 of the time there is agreement between
    independent raters

25
Neurosis
  • Mild personality disorder, usually does not
    impair ones ability to function in society.
  • Symptoms
  • Depression
  • Anxiety
  • Self-defeating patterns of behavior

26
Psychosis
  • Serious personality disorder, usually
    incapacitating preventing one from functioning in
    society.
  • Symptoms
  • Loss of contact with reality
  • Hallucinations inappropriate feelings that come
    to us from one of our senses
  • Delusions false but persistent beliefs despite
    evidence to the contrary

27
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28
Psychosis
  • Types of Hallucinations
  • Auditory Hallucinations
  • hearing things that are not there
  • Visual Hallucinations
  • seeing things that arent there

29
Psychosis
  • Types of Hallucinations
  • Tactile Hallucinations
  • feeling things that arent there
  • Olfactory Hallucinations
  • smelling things that arent there
  • Gustatory Hallucinations
  • tasting things that arent there

30
Psychosis
  • Symptoms of Psychosis
  • Delusions false but persistent beliefs despite
    evidence to the contrary

31
Psychosis
  • Types of Delusions
  • Delusions of Grandeur
  • thinking you are someone
  • of great importance

32
Psychosis
  • Types of Delusions
  • Delusions of Reference
  • thinking that you are the center of attention,
    that people are looking at, or talking about you
  • Delusions of Depersonalization
  • thinking you are turning into an inanimate or
    vegetative object

33
Psychosis
  • Types of Delusions
  • Delusions of Persecution
  • thinking that people are out to get you or harm
    you
  • Delusions of Guilt
  • thinking that you have just committed a
    terrible wrong

34
Anxiety Disorders
  • Anxiety Freud called anxiety a free floating
    fear meaning that it is not attached to any
    particular object or event. Anxiety is a general
    feeling of doom and dread. Anxiety disorders are
    marked by feelings of excessive apprehension

35
Anxiety Disorders
  • Generalized Anxiety Disorder
  • A person with General Anxiety Disorder (GAD) is
    continually tense, apprehensive, and in a state
    of autonomic nervous system (ANS) arousal. This
    anxiety is persistent and many escalate into a
    panic attack

36
Anxiety Disorders
  • Generalized Anxiety Disorder
  • People with this disorder worry constantly about
    yesterdays mistakes and tomorrows problems. In
    particular, they worry about minor matters
    related to family finances, work and personal
    illness. They often dread decisions and brood
    over them endlessly. Their anxiety is commonly
    accompanied by physical symptoms

37
I wish I could tell you exactly whats the
matter. Sometimes I feel like something terrible
has just happened when actually nothing has
happened. Other times, Im expecting the sky to
fall down any minute. Most of the time I cant
point my finger at something specific. Still, I
feel tense and jumpy. The fact is that I am
tense and jumpy almost all the time. Sometimes
my heart beats so fast, Im sure its a heart
attack. Little things can set it off. The other
day I thought a Supermarket clerk had
overcharged me a few cents on an item. She
showed me that I was wrong, but that didnt end
it. I worried the rest of the day. I kept
going over the incident in my mind, feeling
terribly embarrassed at having raised the
possibility that the clerk had committed an
error. The tension was so great, I wasnt sure
Id be able to go to work in the afternoon. That
sort of thing is painful to live with.
38
Taylor Manifest Anxiety Scale
1. F 11. T 21. T 31. T 41. T
2. T 12. F 22. T 32. F 42. T
3. F 13. T 23. T 33. T 43. T
4. F 14. T 24. T 34. T 44. T
5. T 15. F 25. T 35. T 45. T
6. T 16. T 26. T 36. T 46. T
7. T 17. T 27. T 37. T 47. T
8. T 18. F 28. T 38. F 48. T
9. F 19. T 29. F 39. T 49. T
10.T 20. F 30. T 40. T 50. F
39
Anxiety Disorders
  • Phobic Disorder Phobic disorders are marked by
    a persistent, irrational fear of a specific
    object or situation.
  • Whats the difference between a phobia and a fear?

Phobia is the Greek word for morbid fear after
the lesser Greek god, Phobos
40
Anxiety Disorders
  • Specific Phobias
  • involve fear and avoidance of a specific stimuli
    or situation.
  • About 10 of the general population will
    experience a specific phobia at some point in
    their lives.
  • More than twice as many women as men suffer from
    specific phobia.

41
Anxiety Disorders
  • Specific phobia tend to fall into four categories
  • 1. Fear of particular situations such as
    flying driving,
  • tunnels, bridges, elevators, crowds, or
    enclosed placed
  • 2. Fear of features of the natural environment
    such
  • as heights, water, thunderstorms, or
    lightning
  • 3. Fear of injury or blood including the fear
    of
  • injections, needles, and medical or
    dental procedures
  • 4. Fear of animals and insects such as
    snakes, spiders, dogs, cats, slugs, or bats

42
Hilda is 32 years of age and is terrified
of snow. She cannot go outside in the snow.
She cannot even stand to see snow or hear about
it on the weather report. Her phobia severely
constricts her day-to- day behavior. Probing
in therapy revealed that her phobia was caused
by a traumatic experience at age 11. Playing at
a ski lodge, she was buried briefly by a small
avalanche of snow. She had no recollection of
this experience until it was recovered in
therapy.
43
Anxiety Disorders
  • Social Phobias a fear of being negatively
    evaluated by others or publicly embarrassed by
    doing something impulsive, outrageous, or
    humiliating.
  • Social phobia goes well beyond the shyness that
    everyone sometimes feels at social gatherings.
    Rather, the person with social phobia is
    paralyzed by fear of social situations,
    especially if the social situation involves
    performing even routine behaviors in front of
    others.

44
Anxiety Disorders
  • Agoraphobia a fear of situations the person
    views as difficult to escape from if panic begins
    to build.
  • Many people with this
  • disorder become trapped
  • in their own homes or
  • in similar safe zones.

45
Anxiety Disorders
  • Phobias are considered anxiety disorders because
    they focus general feelings of anxiety onto a
    feared object or situation
  • General Facts about phobias
  • Phobias are twice as high for females than males
  • Phobias are more prevalent in blacks than in
    whites or Hispanics
  • Phobias tend to be chronic (lasts between 24-31
    years)
  • Typical onset is childhood or young adulthood

46
Anxiety Disorders
  • Common Phobias and the Feared Objects Acrophobia
  • High Places
  • Agoraphobia
  • Open Places
  • Astraphobia
  • Thunderstorms
  • Claustrophobia
  • Enclosed Places

47
Anxiety Disorders
  • Common Phobias and the Feared Objects
  • Hematophobia
  • Blood
  • Mysophobia
  • Contamination
  • Pyrophobia
  • Fire
  • Xenophobia
  • Foreigners/Strangers
  • Hippophobia
  • Horses

48
Anxiety Disorders
  • Panic Disorder Periodic episodes of extreme
    terror (panic attacks) without warning or obvious
    cause are characteristic of people with panic
    disorder.

49
Anxiety Disorders
  • Obsessive-Compulsive Disorder (OCD)
  • Obsessions
  • are unwanted thoughts, ideas or mental images
    that occur over and over again
  • Compulsions
  • are repetitive, ritual behaviors, often
    involving cleaning or checking.

50
Anxiety Disorders
  • Obsession-Compulsive Disorder
  • marked by persistent uncontrollable intrusions
    of unwanted thoughts (obsessions) and urges to
    engage in senseless rituals (compulsions)
  • Rate 3 of the general population
  • Onset for males 6-15 for females 20-29
  • Demographics for commonly found among upper
    income, highly intelligent groups, males and
    females are equally likely to suffer from this
    disorder

51
Anxiety Disorders
  • The patient was a 49-year-old man whose main
    symptom was an obsession with the number 13. If
    he heard the word he felt a shock and
    experienced a subsequent period of acute anxiety.
    His everyday life was a continuous effort to
    avoid any reference to 13, so much that his
    activities were seriously handicapped. In some
    way or another, it seems as if everyone was
    always saying 13 to him. If they met him in
    the morning they would say, Oh, good morning,
    or later in the day it would be Good afternoon
    (13 letters each). He stayed in bed on the 13th
    day of each month, skipped the 13th tread in a
    stairway, and found it necessary to count letters
    and phrases, his steps, and streets, to avoid the
    number 13.

52
Anxiety Disorders
  • Shirley was an outgoing popular high school
    student with average grades. Her one problem was
    that she was late for school almost everyday.
    Before she could leave the house in the morning,
    she had to be very sure that she was clean, so
    she needed to take showers that lasted two hours.
    She also spent a long time dressing, because
    each actfor example, putting on her stockings,
    underclothes, skirt, and blouse had to be
    counted and repeated precisely 17 times. When
    asked about her washing and counting, she said
    she knew that is was crazy but that she just had
    to do it and couldnt explain why. She said that
    she had struggled against this problem for three
    years but had no success

53
Anxiety Disorders
  • Causes of Anxiety Disorders
  • Biological Factors
  • Twin studies suggest there may be a weak genetic
    predisposition to anxiety disorders. Also,
    identical twins reared apart often times have
    independently developed phobias. Most anxiety
    disorders, such as panic disorder,
    obsessive-compulsive disorder, and generalized
    social phobia, appear to run in families.
  • Excessive amounts of serotonin are present in
    people with obsessive-compulsive disorder.

54
Anxiety Disorders
  • Causes of Anxiety Disorders
  • Cognitive Factors
  • Cognitive theorists maintain that certain
    styles of thinking make some people particularly
    vulnerable to anxiety disorders. According to
    these theorists, some people are more likely to
    suffer from problems with anxiety because they
    tend to
  • misinterpret harmless situations as threatening
  • focus excessive attention on perceived threats
  • selectively recall information that seems
    threatening

55
Anxiety Disorders
  • Causes of Anxiety Disorders
  • Learning Factors
  • Learned Helplessness
  • Classical Conditioning
  • Stimulus Generalization
  • Observational Learning
  • Operant Conditioning

56
Somatoform Disorder
  • Psychological disorders in which the symptoms
    take a bodily form without physical cause. This
    type of disorder is more common in Asian, Latin
    American, and African cultures where people are
    less open about their feelings. Even though
    these symptoms have a psychological cause rather
    than a medical cause, they are still genuinely
    felt.

57
Somatoform Disorder
  • Conversion Disorder
  • Freud called it hysteria
  • A person with conversion disorder experiences a
    change or a loss of physical functioning in a
    major part of the body for which there is no
    medical explanation (although they are still
    genuinely felt)
  • People with this disorder are strangely
    indifferent to their problems

58
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59
Somatoform Disorder
  • Conversion Disorder
  • Conversion disorders tend to appear when a person
    is under stress.
  • These physical symptoms often help reduce stress
    by enabling the person to avoid unpleasant
    situations. For instance, a stomachache may mean
    getting out of going to school.
  • Today, conversion disorder is rare. It accounts
    for only about 2 percent of diagnoses.

60
Somatoform Disorder
  • One university student, for example,
    experienced visual impairment that began each
    Sunday evening and became total blindness by
    Monday morning. Her vision would begin to return
    Friday evenings and was fully restored in time
    for weekend football games and other social
    activities

61
Somatoform Disorder
  • Hypochondriasis
  • A person misinterprets normal physical
    sensations as symptoms of a disease.

He/She fusses over every symptom. Sympathy may
reinforce the complaints
62
Somatoform Disorder
  • Somatization Disorder
  • In this disorder, a person makes dramatic, but
    vague, reports about a multitude of physical
    problems rather than a specific illness

63
Somatoform Disorder
  • Pain Disorder
  • This disorder is characterized by severe, often
    constant, pain with no apparent physical cause

64
Dissociative Disorders
  • Dissociation
  • The process of separating a portion of the
    personality that is causing undue emotional
    stress from the rest of the normally functioning
    personality. (The individual may view parts of
    their activity as separate from him/herself)

65
Dissociative Disorders
  • Types of Dissociative Disorders
  • Dissociative Amnesia
  • Dissociative Fugue
  • Dissociative Identity Disorder

66
Dissociative Disorders
  • Dissociative Amnesia
  • The failure to recall events or personal
    information. A sudden memory
  • loss. Memory lapses generally
  • concern the personal aspects
  • of an individuals life. Amnesia
  • can be caused by a traumatic
  • event (psychogenic) or a head
  • injury (organic)

I forgot
67
Dissociative Disorders
  • Psychogenic Amnesia vs. Organic Amnesia
  • 1. Loss of memory for both recent 1. Loss of
    memory for the
  • and distant past recent past but
    memory for distant past is
    essentially intact
  • 2. Lose identity but general 2. Lose both
    personal identity
  • knowledge remains intact as well as
    general knowledge
  • 3. Have no anterograde amnesia 3. Primary
    symptom is
  • (memory loss for events after
    anterograde
  • amnesia starts)
  • 4. Amnesia often reverses itself very 4. Memory
    returns gradually for
  • abruptly retrograde amnesia,
  • anterograde hardly ever
  • returns

68
A young man dressed in work clothes came to the
emergency room of a hospital in the city in which
he lived with the complaint that he did not know
who was. He seemed dazed, was not intoxicated,
and carried no identification. After being kept
in the hospital for a few days, he woke up one
morning in great distress, demanding to know why
he was being kept in the hospital and announcing
that he had to leave immediately to attend to
urgent business. With recovery of his memory,
the facts related to his amnesia emerged. The
day his amnesia began, he had been the driver in
an automobile accident that resulted in the death
of a pedestrian. Police officers on the scene
were convinced that the driver had not been in
the wrong The accident had been the
pedestrians fault. The police told the driver
to fill out a routine form and to plan on
appearing at the coroners inquest. The man
filled out the form at the home of a friend,
accidentally left his wallet at his friends
home, and mailed the form. After mailing the
form, he became dazed and amnesiac. He was led
to the hospital by a stranger. The amnesia was
probably related to the stress of the fatal
accident, fear of the inquest, and worry that he
might actually have been responsible for the
accident.
69
Dissociative Disorders
  • Dissociative Fugue
  • Dissociative Fugue a sudden loss of personal
    memory and the adoption of a new identity in a
    new locale
  • Amnesia flight from the geographic location

70
3) Dissociative Disorders
  • Dissociative Identity Disorder
  • This is rare disorder that is characterized
  • by the development of two or more
    separate and
    independent personalities
  • within the same person

71
Dissociative Disorders
  • Dissociative Identity Disorder
  • Each personality has its own set of memories,
    typical behaviors (i.e. each personality has its
    own voice and mannerisms).
  • Frequently none of the personalities has any
    awareness of the others. People with multiple
    personalities usually are not violent.

72
The 21 Faces of Sarah In a well-publicized
criminal case, Mark Peterson, 31, and Oshkosh
grocery worker, was prosecuted for sexually
assaulting a 26-year-old-woman, who, according to
her psychiatrist, had at least 21 distinct
personalities. Peterson met the woman, who
introduced herself to him as Franny, a few days
before the assault. Others present at that time
told him that the womans true name was Sarah and
that she suffered from multiple personality
disorder. On a coffee shop date Franny told
Peterson about Jennifer, another personality,
whom she described as a 20-year-old
73
female who likes to dance and have fun. When
they returned to Petersons car, he summoned
Jennifer and asked, Can I love you? She
answered, O.K. During the encounter, another
personality, 6-year-old Emily, suddenly intruded
to peek. Ignoring Peterson pleas to keep what
happened a secret, Franny and Emily reported the
encounter to Sarah, the predominant personality.
Sarah called the police to report that she had
been sexually assaulted. Petersons defense
centered on the idea that the woman was not
mentally ill and had consented to have sex. The
spectacular trial included appearances by Sarah,
Franny, Jennifer, and Emily. Jennifers
testimony was perhaps most crucial. When
questioned about the sexual encounter, she said,
I didnt know what he was doing. When asked if
she and Peterson had sex, Jennifer responded, I
dont know. Whats sex?
74
The Wisconsin jury had several issues to
consider (1) Whether Sarah was mentally ill at
the time of the sexual act, (2) Whether she was
able to appraise Petersons conduct, and (3)
Whether Peterson knew of Sarahs condition. In
Wisconsin it is a crime to engage in sexual
intercourse with a person you believe to be
mentally ill and who cannot assess your
conduct. Psychiatrists who had treated Sarah
testified that she was not faking her disorder,
was incapable of judging her action, and had been
traumatized when she saw her father crushed while
he was working under a car. Ruth Reeves, a
neighbor and close friend of the woman, told the
court that she had forewarned Peterson of Sarahs
multiple personality disorder.
75
Mood Disorders
  • Types of Mood Disorders
  • Major Depression
  • Dysthymic Disorder
  • Bipolar Disorder
  • (Formerly known as Manic Depression)

76
5) Mood Disorders
  • Major Depression
  • This is often referred to as the common cold
    of psychological disorders.
  • Why do you think that is?

77
Mood Disorders
  • Major Depression
  • This is a mood disorder in which a person, for
    no apparent reason, experiences two or more weeks
    of depressed moods, feeling of worthlessness and
    diminished interest or pleasure in most
    activities. The person may become deeply
    discouraged about everything and may experience
    fatigue. Depressed people often feel that they
    are helpless. They feel there is nothing they
    can do to change things

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79
Mood Disorders
  • Symptoms of Depression
  • Persistent depressed mood for most of the day
  • Loss of interest or pleasure in all, or almost
    all, activities
  • Significant weight loss or gain
  • Sleep changes
  • Fatigue or loss of energy, boredom
  • Feelings of worthlessness or unfounded guilt

80
Mood Disorders
  • Symptoms of Depression (continued)
  • Reduced ability to concentrate
  • Recurrent thoughts of death or suicide
  • Physical complaints
  • Loss of friends
  • Tearfulness
  • Poor grade, truancy, disciplinary problems
  • Social behavior changes

81
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82
Mood Disorders
  • Dysthymic Disorder
  • A person shows the sad mood, lack of interest,
    and loss of pleasure associated with major
    depression, but less intensely and for a longer
    duration (The duration must be at least two years
    to quality)

83
Mood Disorders
  • Suicide and Depression
  • Suicide is most closely tied to depression than
    to any other psychological disorder.
  • Suicide rates are high in some northern European
    countries, and Japan but low in Greece, Italy,
    Ireland and the Middle East (these countries have
    strong religious prohibitions)

84
Mood Disorders
  • Bipolar Disorder
  • (formerly known as manic depressive disorder)
  • The person alternate between the hopelessness
    and lethargy of depression and the hyperactive,
    wildly optimistic, impulsive phase of mania
    (excited and overly active periods)
  • Bipolar Disorder is less common than major
    depression

85
5) Mood Disorders
  • Mania
  • During the manic phase the person may
  • sing, shout, talk
  • continuously, move
  • around rapidly.
  • He has little need for
  • sleep.

86
Mood Disorders
  • Mania
  • He is easily irritated if crossed. The person
    may show few sexual inhibitions. His speech may
    be flighty. It is difficult to interrupt him.
    He has grandiose optimism.
  • Bipolar disorder may lead to reckless spending
    and investment sprees.

87
Mood Disorders
  • Then they go through a normal phase

Then they go through a depressive phase. (The
depressive phase usually lasts longer than the
manic phase)
88
Mood Disorders
  • Bi Polar Disorder
  • 1 of the total U.S. population has bi-polar
    disorder. Only 15-25 show a definite cycles of
    manic-depressive behaviors.
  • Recovery rate is about 90.

89
Mood Disorders
  • CAUSES OF MOOD DISORDERS
  • Biological Factors
  • Neurotransmitters such as serotonin and
    norepinephrine
  • A shortage of serotonin and norepinephrine is
    related to depression. An overabundance is
    related to mania.
  • Hormones such as cortisol
  • Mood disorders have also been related to
    malfunctions of the endocrine system, especially
    the hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenocortical system
    (HPA)

90
Mood Disorders
  • CAUSES OF MOOD DISORDERS
  • Biological Factors
  • Genetic influences
  • Twin studies have shown there is a hereditary
    component to both Bi-Polar and Depression
    Disorders. If an identical twin has bi-polar
    disorder, the other twin has a 70 chance of also
    having the disorder. A fraternal twin has a 20
    change of having bi-polar disorder if his/her
    twin suffers from it. People who are adopted and
    have mood disorders are more likely to find a
    history of mood disorders in their biological
    families rather than in their adopted families.

91
Mood Disorders
  • CAUSES OF MOOD DISORDERS
  • Psychological Factors
  • Psychodynamic theorists Depression is due to the
    feelings of loss associated with childhood or
    unresolved anger toward parents (Horney). Freud
    believed that depression was the result of a loss
    of a loved one. He contents that in addition to
    grief we feel anger over feelings of abandonment.
    Some of that anger is directed inward which
    results in depression

92
Mood Disorders
  • CAUSES OF MOOD DISORDERS
  • Psychological Factors
  • Behavioral theorists Behaviorists believe that
    depression is the result of learned helplessness.
    They say that people become depressed when they
    have no control over negative events.

93
Mood Disorders
  • CAUSES OF MOOD DISORDERS
  • Cognitive theorists
  • Cognitive theorists believe that those with
    depression have self-defeating beliefs. They
    tend to magnify bad experiences and minimize good
    experiences. This ruminating style is especially
    characteristics of women.
  • Depressed people have a tendency to explain bad
    events as being stable, global, and internal.

94
Schizophrenia
  • The term schizophrenia means literally split
    mind

95
Schizophrenia
  • Positive Symptoms of Schizophrenia
  • Break of contact with reality
  • Hallucinations
  • Delusions
  • Disorganized and
  • Bizarre Behaviors
  • Disturbances in
  • emotions, speech and thoughts

96
Schizophrenia
  • Positive Symptoms of Schizophrenia
  • Disturbances in thoughts and speech
  • Neologisms
  • (literally new words). At times, a
    schizophrenics speech includes the rare
    appearance of words and phrases not found in even
    the most comprehensive dictionary. Neologisms
    (new words) are sometimes formed by combining
    parts of two or more regular words. Neologisms
    may also involve the use of common words in a new
    way

97
Schizophrenia
  • Positive Symptoms of Schizophrenia
  • Disturbances in thoughts and speech
  • Echolalia
  • Repeating words said in their presence over and
    over and over again

98
Schizophrenia
  • Positive Symptoms of Schizophrenia
  • Disturbances in thoughts and speech
  • Derailment (loose associations)
  • The tendency for one thought to be logically
    unconnected, or only superficially related to the
    next. Sometimes the associations are based on
    the double meanings or on the way words sound

99
Schizophrenia
  • Example of Derailment
  • He pushed back the blankets from the bed. He
    saw the river bed was covered with small stones
    washed down from the quarry. The hunter came
    fast because he was following his quarry over the
    hill.

100
Schizophrenia
  • Positive Symptoms of Schizophrenia
  • Disturbances in thoughts and speech
  • Irrelevant Replies
  • Giving answer to questions that are not
    relevant
  • Example How old are you? As old as the
    pyramids crumbling into dust. Where do you live?
    I exist in the world, from it, of it, and by it.

101
Schizophrenia
  • Positive Symptoms of Schizophrenia
  • Disturbances in thoughts and speech
  • Word Salad
  • Combining words and phrases in what appears to
    be a completely disorganized fashion. Unlike
    neologisms, word salad suggests no effort to
    communicate. In word salad, nothing is related
    to anything else.

102
Schizophrenia
  • Example of word salad
  • Its all over for a squab true tray and there
    aint no music, there aint no nothing besides my
    mother and my father who stand alone upon the
    Island of Capri where there is no ice, there is
    no nothing but changers, changers, changers.
    That comes like in first and last names, so that
    thing does. Well, its my suitcase, sir. Ive
    got to travel all the time to keep my energy
    alive.

103
Schizophrenia
  • Symptoms of Schizophrenia
  • Disturbances in thoughts and speech
  • Clanging
  • The pairing of words that have no relation to
    one another beyond the fact that they rhyme or
    sound alike

104
Schizophrenia
  • Negative Symptoms of Schizophrenia
  • Anhedonia lack of interest in living, loss of
    pleasure in life
  • Alogia (mutism) Total Silence
  • Flat Affect Person shows no emotion
  • Avolition Loss of motivation

105
Schizophrenia
  • Types of Schizophrenia
  • Catatonic Schizophrenia
  • Agitated
  • Immobile
  • Paranoid Schizophrenia
  • Disorganized Schizophrenia
  • Undifferentiated Schizophrenia

106
Schizophrenia
  • Types of Schizophrenia
  • Paranoid Schizophrenia
  • Accounts for 40 of schizophrenics appears
    late in life (25-30). Characterized by delusions
    of persecutions grandeur. These are often
    accompanied by hallucinations supporting the
    delusion.

107
Schizophrenia
  • Types of Schizophrenia
  • Paranoid Schizophrenia (continued)
  • Paranoid Schizophrenics are more likely than
    other schizophrenics to have a good outcome
    because it tends to be acute. Under certain
    circumstances, they may function relatively well

108
Schizophrenia
  • Types of Schizophrenia
  • Catatonic Schizophrenia
  • Accounts for 8 of all schizophrenics. The
    major symptoms is a disturbance in motor
    activity. The person may remain stiffly immobile
    and refuse to speak of be extremely agitated.
    Catatonic Schizophrenia is rarely seen today.
    However, it was common up to 30 to 40 years ago

109
Schizophrenia
  • Types of Schizophrenia
  • Disorganized Schizophrenia
  • Accounts for 5 of all schizophrenics.
  • Incoherence in expression
  • Childish disregard for social conventions
  • Resists wearing clothing
  • Urinate and defecate at inappropriate times

110
Schizophrenia
  • Disorganized Schizophrenia (continued)
  • May eat with their fingers
  • Show emotional responses that are inappropriate
    to the situation
  • Giggling
  • Silly mannerisms
  • Inexplicable gestures

111
Schizophrenia
  • Types of Schizophrenia
  • Undifferentiated Schizophrenia
  • This accounts for 40 of all schizophrenics.
    They have symptoms of schizophrenics (disordered
    thinking, etc) but the symptoms dont clearly fit
    one of the other specific types

112
Schizophrenia
  • Causes of Schizophrenia
  • Biological Factors
  • Brain Abnormalities Schizophrenics (this is
    more true of schizophrenic with negative symptoms
    rather then positive)
  • tend to have enlarged
  • ventricles and less brain
  • tissue than non-schizophrenics

113
Schizophrenia
  • Causes of Schizophrenia
  • Biological Factors
  • Dopamine In general, those with schizophrenia
    have an excess of receptors for dopamine. Drugs
    that block dopamine receptors lessen positive
    schizophrenia symptoms. Drugs that increase
    dopamine levels (i.e. cocaine, and amphetamines)
    increase positive schizophrenia symptoms.

114
Schizophrenia
  • Causes of Schizophrenia
  • Biological Factors
  • Genetics The odds of any person being
    schizophrenic are 1 in 100. The odds rise to 1
    in 10 if one parent has schizophrenia. If a
    person has an identical twin with schizophrenia,
    the odds are 50 in 100.

115
Schizophrenia
  • Causes of Schizophrenia
  • Psychological Factors
  • There are no psychological factors alone that
    cause schizophrenia. However, a life of a lot of
    stressors will increase the chances that a
    predisposition of schizophrenia will result in
    schizophrenic symptoms

116
Personality Disorders
  • Personality disorders are psychological disorders
    characterized by inflexible and enduring
    behavioral patterns that impair social
    functioning. These disorders usually do not
    involve anxiety, depression, or loss or contact
    with reality. They may however, coexist with
    other psychological disorders.

117
Personality Disorders Lasting, rigid patterns of
behavior that seriously diminish functioning.
Dramatic or Impulsive Behaviors Borderline
personality disorder, Antisocial personality
disorder
Related to Anxiety Avoidant personality
disorder Dependent personality disorder
Odd or Eccentric Behaviors Paranoid personality
disorders, Schizoid personality disorders
118
Mental Illness and the Law
  • MENTALLY INCOMPETENT Being unable to understand
    the proceedings and charges against you. If you
    are declared mentally incompetent to stand trial
    you are protected from prosecution. This is a
    rare occurrence.
  • INSANITY If you are judged to be not guilty by
    reason of insanity at the time of the crime it
    means that the mental illness prevented the
    person from
  • 1. understanding what he/she was doing
  • 2. knowing that what they were doing was wrong
  • 3. resisting the impulse to do wrong
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