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Education after 1870

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Education after 1870 Towards Universality? The Forster Education Act School Boards set up Board members elected Money used to fund existing and new schools Places ... – PowerPoint PPT presentation

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Title: Education after 1870


1
Education after 1870
  • Towards Universality?

2
The Forster Education Act
  • School Boards set up
  • Board members elected
  • Money used to fund existing and new schools
  • Places could be free for needy children
  • Only Bible teaching allowed in Board schools
  • Cowper-Temple clause gave parents the right to
    remove children

3
How effective was the Act?
  • Maintained and improved the existing system
  • Religious division continued (re elections,
    teaching, funding)
  • Payment by results and attendance continued
  • By 1900, 54 pupils in Board schools. London
    School Board built 400 schools
  • Three times as many children educated by 1900,
    though many children still at work instead
  • Increasing cost unpopular with working class

4
How was the Act supported?
  • 1873 outdoor relief made dependent on school
    attendance
  • 1876 attendance made the responsibility of
    parents
  • 1880 attendance compulsory for children aged
    5-10 (fees waived for the poor). Leaving age 11
    1893 and 12 - 1899
  • 1890 payment by results in three Rs abolished
  • 1891 Fee Grant Act virtually establishes free
    elementary education

5
The Balfour Education Act - causes
  • Some Boards had been spending on Secondary
    education. Successful case brought against London
    Board in 1901
  • Some inefficient Boards (especially rural areas)
  • Board of Education established in 1899
  • Robert Morant at Board of Education
  • Booth (London, pub. 1903), Rowntree (York, pub.
    1899)
  • Desire for national efficiency
  • Continued relative decline, Boer War
  • Reactionary government? Remove power of elected
    School Boards and increase CofE and grammar
    influence

6
The Balfour Education Act, 1902
  • Abolished School Boards
  • Established LEAs (local Education Authorities)
  • Money from rates could be spent on secondary
    education
  • Fees required but scholarships also provided
  • Money from rates could be spent on Voluntary
    (Church) schools

7
How effective was Balfours Act?
  • Numbers in secondary schools doubled from 94,000
    in 1905 to 200,000 in 1914
  • Many LEAs set up grammar schools for able pupils
  • Provision for technical schools also available
  • Criticism for expense and as a dangerous act of
    State socialism
  • Middle classes benefited most

8
Balfours Act the religious issue
  • Huge revolt of Non-conformists 7000
    prosecutions for refusal to pay rates and 170 in
    prison
  • Massive unrest in South Wales
  • Rome on the Rates
  • Based on view that funds from rates used for
    Church schools. (Taxation had always done this to
    some extent)
  • Contributes to election defeat in 1906?

9
Fisher Education Act - causes
  • Collectivist/interventionist attitude
  • Fisher at the Ministry of Education
  • Working class vote
  • Economic changes decline of traditional
    industries beginning
  • Failure of Balfour Act to increase Sec Ed
    significantly

10
Fishers Education Act, 1918
  • Compulsory education until 14
  • Elementary school fees abolished
  • No children should be debarred through the
    inability to pay fees
  • Encouragement for continuation classes past
    school leaving age. Part time schooling ended
  • Proposals required from LEAs for all aspects of
    education (nursery adult education)

11
How effective was Fishers Act?
  • 1923 75 of all children in elementary
    education
  • Only 7.5 receiving advanced instruction at
    secondary/technical schools
  • Geddes Axe curtailed spending (51m in 1921 -
    41m in 1924)
  • Massive extension of the scope of education
    government grants to LEAs and teachers salaries
    increased

12
Hadow Report, 1926
  • Abolish elementary and replace with primary to
    age 11 and secondary (grammar or modern) to age
    15
  • Secondary Education for Allirrespective of
    income, class or occupation of their parents.
  • 2/3 of all children over 11 in modern schools
    by 1938 (plus some in grammar)
  • School leaving age not raised in 1931 as planned

13
By 1939
  • free places up from one third to ½.
  • Total numbers up from 200,000 to nearly 1/2m.
  • Total spending stayed about 6 of government
    expenditure
  • Local authorities doubled expenditure and paid
    for about 50 of education

14
Spens Report, 1938
  • Accepted principle of free secondary education
    and higher leaving age
  • Tripartite division modern, technical and
    grammar
  • Encourage progressive methods curiosity, exam
    focus
  • Widely applauded by teaching profession
  • Conservative view of Board of Education and
    threat and outbreak of war a brake on reform

15
Butler Education Act, 1944 Change?
  • Schools monitored by LEAs and overseen by
    Minister for Education.
  • All fees abolished
  • Obligation to provide education sufficient in
    number, character and equipment for all pupils
  • Primary and secondary introduced
  • Leaving age set to rise to 16 in future

16
Butler Education Act - Causes
  • R.A Butler as Minister for Education
  • Spens, Hadow and Butler reports
  • Britain questioning her place in the world
  • WW2 increases intervention
  • Previous experience/legislation

17
Butler Education Act Continuity?
  • Interpreted so as to continue tripartite
    division a small number of LEAs set up
    comprehensive education
  • Private schools outside govt. control
  • Built on previous practice and legislation
  • Maintained hierarchic system
  • RE and worship required in every state school

18
Education Reforms
  • 1833 first government grant to education
  • 1856 teacher training colleges set up
  • 1861 payment by results
  • 1870 Forster Act free elementary education
  • 1902 Balfour Act establishes LEAs
  • 1918 Fisher Act free and compulsory to 14
  • 1944 Balfour Act primary/secondary
  • - free and compulsory to 15
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