THE COLD WAR CONTINUED

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THE COLD WAR CONTINUED
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Objective

• Trace the continuing events policies of the
  Cold War through the Eisenhower Administration.

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DDEs concerns

• The long term struggle with the Soviets may
  produce a garrison state

Nike Missiles
Will the military emphasis of the Cold War
overburden the U.S. economy?
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(4) The New Look

• Reduce military expenses Coins the phrase more
  bang for the buck
• Nuclear weapons are cheaper than conventional
  forces stabilizes the defense budget
• Pursue high- tech nuclear weapons
• Threaten Massive retaliation

Sec. of Defense Wilson
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Sec. of State J.F. Dulles

• IE John Foster Dulles
• His position on communism the new look

• Communism is immoral godless.
• Rollback
• Massive retaliation
• Brinksmanship

J.F. Dulles - Dominant in US foreign policy
leader during the 50s.
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• The New Look
• The new look reduced military spending...
• 1952 1960
• 66............... 49 of budget

How did DDE feel about the new look?...
The New Look was not practical in all
situations Full scale nuclear war was the only
option to resolve situations
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Mutually Assured Destruction (MAD)

• A strategy ...The use of nuclear weapons would
  annihilate the attacker defender.
• MAD DETERRANCE ...the threat of nuclear weapons
  prevents the use of nuclear weapons.
• Both sides lack incentive to initiate a conflict
  or to disarm.

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How did DDE handle the crises in E. Berlin
Hungary?

• In E. Berlin (1953) and in Hungary (1956) people
  revolt against Soviet occupation.
• The Soviets violently crush the revolt.

• The US does nothing to support the revolution.
  WHY?...

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The Death of Josef Stalin - Stalin died of a
brain hemorrhage on March 5, 1953. His body was
embalmed and placed next to Lenin's in the tomb
at Red Square. In 1961, with Stalin falling into
disgrace, the corpse was quietly removed buried.
. Stalin is responsible for the deaths of
20,000,000 people
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• Leader of the USSR
• 19581964
• Nikita Khrushchev

How did the ascension to power of Nikita
Khrushchev affect U.S.-Soviet relations?

• Improved relations
• - Redirected the Soviet economy to consumer
  goods
• - 1958 Suspends atomic testing
• - 1959 12 day diplomatic trip to America

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Geneva Summit (1955) The overall goal of the
summit was to reduce tension. President DDE
proposes the Open Skies Doctrine.
The Soviets US would allow flights over each
others territory to monitor each other.
Soviet reaction?
The Soviets rejected the idea .mistrust
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Sputnik - Oct. 4, 1957

• The first artificial satellite
• SHOCK PANIC in the USThe start of the space
  race
• Size of a basketball 183 lbs 98 minute orbit

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An appeal to not spare the rod when it comes to
catching up with the Soviets.

• 9) The National Defense Ed. Act of 1958

• NASA is formed - 8B into education

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What incident ended the thawing of the Cold
War?...
May, 1960
http//www.youtube.com/watch?vyCoXJ_bDGTM
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The U-2 Wreckage
U-2 wreckage on displayed in Moscow
The Soviets recoveredthe parachute cameras
http//www.youtube.com/watch?vyCoXJ_bDGTM
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With regard to the Cold War... What do the
following combinations have in common?

• Massive Retaliation / Brinksmanship / M.A.D.
• Hungary / East Berlin
• The U-2 Incident / The Open Skies Doctrine

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Objective

• Trace the continuing events policies of the
  Cold War through the Eisenhower Administration.

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The New Look Covert Action
As a part of the New Look Eisenhower believed
that the CIA was a practical way of resolving
international political problems.

• Intervention against unfavorable governments
• The CIA Cheap, quick quiet

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How did the U.S. the USSR compete for
influence in the third world?

• USSR Emphasizes Anti imperialism, and
  covert action

US - Destabilize Communist efforts with
covert actions
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1955 The Formosa Resolution

• Congress approves military force to prevent the
  PRC from taking Formosa
• The PRC stops efforts to take Formosa

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Form six groups...

1. Iran
2. Israel
3. Egypt
4. Guatemala
5. Cuba
6. Vietnam

• 1) Why is the action necessary?
• 2) What action is taken by the U.S.?
• 3) Who are the key players? (Limit CIA 1 or 2)

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Intervening Around the World

• What actions did the U.S. take in Iran to
  insure a friendly government?...
• What was the outcome?...

• 1953 Iran nationalizes British oil companies
• CIA overthrows the Iranian government
• The Shah is put in power renegotiates oil
  contracts favorable to US

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( 3) How did the U.S. gain Israel as a reliable
ally in the Middle East?

• The US backed Israel when the Arab countries
  attacked them in 1948.
• Arab states refuse to recognize Israel
• Ends with UN sponsored armistice in 1949

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• Why did Nasser nationalize the Suez Canal?...

DDE influences The Suez Crisis

• Background...
• 1875- Great Britain controls the Suez Canal
• President Nasser seeks aid from the US British
  to build the Aswan Dam Aid is not approved by
  U.S. Britain.
• 1956- Egypt nationalizes the Suez Canal turns
  to Soviets for aid.
• 1956 Great Britain, France Israel invade
  Egypt
• Soviets threaten intervention
• DDE condemns the action at the UNInfluences a
  halt to the crisis

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1956 The Eisenhower Doctrine

• US fears Soviet influence in the Mid-East (OIL!)
• The US will support Mid-East. countries
  threatened by communism
• 1958 US thwarts Soviet take over in Lebanon

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1954 Guatemala

• Why did DDE oppose the Guzman government in
  Guatemala? What actions did the U.S. take there?
  What type of government was established in
  Guatemala?

• Leader of Guatemala (Guzman) gave US owned land
  to peasants
• It was believed that the Guatemalan government
  was Communistic.
• The CIA trains a Guatemalan army to over throw
  the government.

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1959 Cuba

• - Fidel Castro overthrows the corrupt Cuban
  Dictator Fulgencio Batista
• - Eisenhower authorized the training of Cuban
  nationals who sought to overthrow Castro.

Fulgencio Batista
Fidel Castro
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The foundations of the Vietnam conflict
The First Indo-China War (1946-54)
The Viet Minh (Communists) are fighting against
French colonialism in Indo-China.
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Leader of the Viet Minh
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The Vietnam dilemma

• HST... The Truman Doctrine
• DDE... Possibly another Korea
• The French request U.S. involvement
• DDE sends aid, military advisors CIA
• 1950-54 US finances 75 of the French effort

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The last battle for France... Dien Bien Phu

• Expelled France from Vietnam
• Human wave attacks
• French 2,200 dead/ Wounded
• 17,800 prisoners
• Viet Minh 23,000 dead

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Domino Theory
The idea that if one nation in a region fell to
communism, others would follow like toppling
dominoes. The Domino Theory would be used to
justify American intervention in the Vietnam War
Eisenhower fears another extended war in Asia...
I can conceive of no greater tragedy than for
the US to become engaged in an all out war in
Indo-China - DD Eisenhower
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1954 S.E.A.T.O

• US backed anti-communist alliance in Asia
• Members US, Britain, France, Australia New
  Zealand Thailand, Philippines Pakistan

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The Geneva Agreement

• Divides Vietnam 17th parallel

NV - Viet Minh Ho Chi Minh
SV - Rep. of Vietnam Ngo Dinh Diem
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What groups opposed the New Look in foreign
policy?

• Peace advocates the New Look is illogical.
• Scientists the danger of radioactive fall out
• Europe Ban the Bomb protest group
• U.S. SANE protest (National Committee for a Sane
  Nuclear Policy)
• Women
• College Students

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Ikes Warning The Military Industrial
Complex
The Military Industrial Complex
speech http//www.youtube.com/watch?v8y06NSBBRtY

• What is the M.I.C.?
• What did Eisenhower warn against in hisfarewell
  address? ...What is at risk as a result of the
  M.I.C.?

The potential for the disastrous rise of
misplaced power exists and will persist. We must
never let the weight of this combination endanger
our liberties or democratic processes. - DDE
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Honors American Cultures America At
Midcentury The Cold War Continues Review
Activity

• In small groups (2-3), classify the terms below
  into the category with the strongest relationship
  to the term. Each group will be responsible for
  explaining the relationship of the term to
  category. Several of the terms many be used more
  than one time.
• 17th Parallel Fidel Castro Gamal Abdel Nassar
• Brinksmanship Viet Minh The Geneva Agreement
• Domino Theory John Foster Dulles National
  Defense Ed. Act
• The Shah Cheap Oil Allen Dulles
• Garrison State CIA intervention Vietnam
• Dien Bien Phu Ngo Dinh Diem Roll back
  Communism
• The New Look Lt. Gary Francis Powers Ho Chi
  Minh
• Eisenhower Doctrine U-2 Incident More bang
  for the buck
• Formosa Resolution NASA SEATO
• Covert action MAD
• The Suez Canal is nationalized Communism is
  Godless and immoral
• The United Fruit Company is nationalized Israel
  is attacked by Arab nations
• British Petroleum is nationalized in Iran
• Replace conventional weapons with nuclear weapons

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President Eisenhower Cuba Nikita Khrushchev

The Middle East French Indo-China Secretary of Defense Wilson

Guatemala Secretary of State J.F. Dulles Iran

Sputnik Examples of CIA intervention Communism spreading