Mental Illness/Abnormal Behavior

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Mental Illness/Abnormal Behavior
Mental illnesses - medical conditions that
disrupt a persons thinking, feeling, mood,
ability to relate to others and daily
functioning - when thinking, mood, etc. is
irrational, uncontrollable, and disruptive
Diagnostic Statistical Manual of Mental
Disorders, Fourth Edition (DSM-IV) Fifth
Edition due out in May, 2013 - Bible of
psychiatrists
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DSM-IV

• Standardize language and diagnosis
• Five Dimensions or Axis
• Clinical disorders, including major mental
  disorders and learning disorders
• Personality disorders and intellectual
  disabilities
• Acute medical conditions and physical disorders
• Psychosocial and environmental factors
  contributing to the disorder
• Global Assessment of Functioning

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DSM-IV

• Controversies
• not reliable valid ? difficult to diagnose in
  standard way
• Rosenhan experiment
• does not show causality
• cultural biases
• money maker for pharmaceuticals
• creates more illnesses
• labels
• EXCUSE for poor behavior
• Thomas Szasz

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How prevalent are mental illness?
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Any Anxiety Disorder
Any Mood Disorder
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Anxiety Disorders

• Anxieties are common
• But becomes illness if it is
• disruptive
• irrational
• uncontrollable

• Generalized Anxiety Disorder
• pattern of frequent, constant worry and anxiety
  over many different activities and events
• symptoms include constant presence of worry or
  tension, difficulty concentrating, fatigue,
  irritability, sleeping problems, restlessness or
  feeling keyed up or on the edge

Chicken Little Syndrome - constant feeling of
overwhelming dread!
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Anxiety Disorders
Panic Disorder - repeated attacks of intense fear
that something bad will occur when not
expected Symptoms include chest pain, dizziness,
feelings of dying or doom, nausea, breathing
issues, numbness in hands and arms, racing hear,
sweatiness, chills or hot flashes, uncontrollable
trembling or shaking Similar to a heart attack
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Anxiety Disorders

• Phobic Disorder - strong, irrational fear of
  something that poses little or no actual danger
• Simple fear of specific situation or thing
• Agoraphobia - fear of wide open spaces, crowds,
  or uncontrolled social conditions
• Both marked by panic attacks when confronted
  with phobic situation
• 2/3 of all phobias are agoraphobics

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Anxiety Disorders

• Obsessive-Compulsive Disorder OCD
• unwanted and repeated thoughts, feelings, ideas,
  sensations (obsessions), or behaviors that make
  them feel driven to do something (compulsions)
• most common is fear of germs and need for
  cleanliness
• rituals provide only temporary relief
• not performing rituals causes greater anxiety

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Anxiety Disorders
Post-traumatic Stress Disorder (PTSD) - anxiety
occurring after one has seen or experienced a
traumatic event that involved the threat of
injury or death

• Symptoms include
• flashbacks, feelings of emotional numbness,
  feelings of detachment, easily startled,
  difficulty sleeping, emotional outbursts, memory
  impairment, lack of concentration, sense of no
  future

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Mood Disorders

• Four types Major Depression, Bipolar Disorder,
  Dysthymic Disorder, Cyclothymic Disorder
• once considered the most common form of mental
  illness ? now anxiety
• most common mood disorder is
• Depression

Women get depressed at twice the rate of men
Why??
Symptoms fall into 4 categories Physical
weight loss, appears fatigued Behavioral no
interest in favored activities, sleep problems,
eating problems, restless, irritable Cognitive
inability to think, concentrate, thoughts of
suicide Emotional feelings of worthlessness,
hopelessness, helplessness, self-loathing
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Mood Disorders

• Speaking of suicide
• Some facts
• Suicide is second leading cause of death among
  young people 18-24
• suicide cuts across all socioeconomic groups
• suicides occur throughout day
• women attempt suicide at higher rate than men
• men succeed more

• few suicide victims leave a note
• always get professional help for those with
  suicidal thoughts ok to talk about their
  feelings!

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Mood Disorders

• Bipolar Disorder once known as Manic Depression
• Two parts manic elevated mood high and
  depression
• Abrupt mood swings
• Symptoms of manic episode include inflated
  self-esteem, racing thoughts, no need for sleep,
  hyperactivity, feelings of invincibility,
  agitation, reckless behavior (incl. spending
  sprees, promiscuity, binge eating drug use)

• affects about 2½ of the population
• story of Patty Duke

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Mood Disorders

• 2 low grade mood disorders
• Dysthymic Disorder
• low grade depression with less severe symptoms
• chronic longer than 2 years
• able to function
• Cyclothymic Disorder
• low grade bipolar less severe mood swings
• I lied a fifth mood disorder Seasonal
  Affective Disorder SAD
• related to seasonal conditions
• depression symptoms

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Personality Disorders
- conditions in which a persons long-term
(chronic) behaviors, emotions, and thoughts are
very different from their cultures expectations
and cause serious problems with relationships and
work
Paranoid Personality Disorder - long-term
distrust and suspicion of others, but does not
have a full-blown psychosis - Symptoms include
concern that other people have hidden motives,
expectation that they will be exploited by
others, inability to
work together with others, social isolation,
detachment, hostility
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Personality Disorders
Borderline Personality Disorder - long-term
patterns of unstable or turbulent emotions, such
as feelings about themselves and others
Symptoms include see things in extremes (all
good or all bad), fear of abandonment, feelings
of emptiness and boredom, displays of
inappropriate anger, impulsiveness with money,
substance abuse, sexual relationships, binge
eating, or shoplifting, intolerance of being
alone, repeated crises and acts of self-injury,
such as wrist cutting or overdosing, intense and
unstable relationships
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Personality Disorders
Narcissistic Personality Disorder - inflated
sense of self-importance and an extreme
preoccupation with self 1. exaggerates
achievements 2. preoccupied with fantasies of
wealth power 3. belief in uniqueness or
specialness 4. requires excessive admiration 5.
sense of entitlement 6. exploitative 7. lacks
empathy 8. envious of others 9. arrogant
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Personality Disorders
Antisocial Personality Disorder - long-term
pattern of manipulating, exploiting, or violating
the rights of others ? CRIMINAL Symptoms
include 1. failure to conform to social norms ?
break laws 2. deceitfulness 3. impulsive or
failure to plan ahead 4. aggressive 5. reckless
disregard for safety of others 6. irresponsible
does not follow through on obligations 7. lack of
remorse
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Dissociative Disorders
involve disruptions or breakdowns of memory,
awareness, identity and/or perception Dissociativ
e amnesia - impairment of recall resulting from
emotional or psychological trauma, not
physiological - recall retrograde (old) or form
anterograde (new) memories
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Dissociative Disorders

• Dissociative Fugue - involves unplanned travel or
  wandering, and is sometimes accompanied by the
  establishment of a new identity
• rare
• lasts for few days, but can last for months
• precipitated by a stressful episode
• memories are recovered

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Dissociative Disorders
Dissociative Identity Disorder, aka Multiple
Personality Disorder - condition in which a
person displays multiple distinct identities or
personalities, each with its own pattern of
perceiving and interacting with the environment

• Controversial
• up to 1980 200 cases reported in US
• 1980 to 1990 20,000 cases
• 1985-1995 40,000 cases

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Schizophrenia
disorder that makes it difficult to tell the
difference between real and unreal experiences,
to think logically, to have normal emotional
responses, and to behave normally in social
situations BREAK WITH REALITY

• Symptoms three types
• Positive excess should not have them
• hallucinations - hearing, seeing, or feeling
  things that are not there
• delusions - false beliefs or thoughts

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Schizophrenia

• Negative loss of something you should have
• alogia loss of speech
• flat affect loss of emotions vocal tones
• avolition loss of ability to care for oneself
• Disorganized random
• - bizarre movements with no relations to
  environment
• irrational thinking
• no focus

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Schizophrenia
Four kinds based on types of symptoms Paranoid
- feel anxious, are more often angry or
argumentative, and falsely believe that others
are trying to harm them or their loved ones -
positive symptoms Catatonic - constant state of
unrest, or no movement, rigid odd facial
expressions and unresponsive to others -
negative symptoms - waxy flexibility
Disorganized - have problems thinking and
expressing their ideas clearly, often exhibit
childlike behavior, and frequently show little
emotion - disorganized symptoms Undifferentiated
symptoms of more than one type of schizophrenia