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MEXICO%20Introduction%20

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Title: MEXICO%20Introduction%20


1
MEXICOIntroduction Background
  • Environments to the Political System

2
Country Bio Mexico
  • Population
  • 106 million
  • Territory
  • 761,602 sq. miles (roughly size of U. S. east
    of Mississippi River)
  • Year of Independence
  • 1810
  • Year of Current Constitution
  • 1917
  • Head of State
  • President Felipe Calderon Hinojosa
  • Head of Government
  • President Felipe Calderon Hinojosa
  • Language
  • Spanish, various Mayan, Nahuati, Zapotec, and
    other regional indigenous languages
  • Religion
  • Nominally Roman Catholic 89, Protestant 6

3
Mexico Basic Geography
  • Regions
  • South more like Central America
  • North along U.S. Border
  • Central Plateau (heartland)

4
Caribbean Basin
5
MEXICO
6
Tenochtitlan
  • Present day Mexico City
  • The capital of the Aztec Empire founded in 1325
  • Built on Lake Texcoco, divided into four zones
  • Aztec legend of the City and the coat of arms
  • One of the largest cities in the World

7
Mexico City Crown Jewel of Spanish Colonialism
8
(No Transcript)
9
Instability follows Independence
  • Liberal-Conservative conflict
  • Destruction of economic infrastructure
  • Amerindians impoverished
  • Legitimacy of ruling elite weak

10
Conflict with the United States Mexico Loses
40 of its territory
  • Settling Texas with Gringos backfires
  • Mexican American War
  • Treaty of Guadalupe Hidalgo

11
More Nineteenth Century Instability
  • Defeat in Mexican war followed by more political
    chaos
  • French Intervention 1862-67
  • Confusion of Liberal governments 1867-76

12
Porfirio Díaz and the Científicos
  • Positivism as catch-up 1877-1910
  • Dark side of catch-up
  • Concentration of land holdings
  • Exploitation of the labor force
  • Role of Foreigners
  • Emergence of generational strife

13
Revolution and its aftermath
  • 1910 first of the great social revolutions that
    shook the world
  • In Mexico revolution originated with the ruling
    class
  • Anti-Porfirio Diaz and local bosses and
    landowners
  • Led by Francisco Madero
  • Huertas dictatorship United States
    intervention
  • Descent into warlordism
  • Zapata
  • Pancho Villa
  • Venustiano Carranza and the Sonora elite

14
INSTITUTIONALIZING THE REVOLUTION
  • Constitution of 1917
  • Article 3 free, universal, secular education
  • Article 27 subsoil belongs to state
  • Article 123 worker rights
  • No reelection of the president and the deal
    between Obregón and Calles

15
Legitimating the Revolution The Cardenas
Upheaval
  • Sonora Elite maintained control during the 1930s
  • But era of massive social and political upheaval
  • Alvaro Obregon Plutarco Calles
  • Calles finds his match in Lazaro Cardenas

16
Lazaro Cardenas (1934-1940
  • Encouraged urban workers and peasants to demand
    land and higher wages
  • Wave of strikes, protests, and petitions for
    breaking up large rural estates.
  • Most disputes settled by the government in favor
    of labor
  • Creation of large organizations for labor and
    peasants
  • Fundamentally reshaped political institutions
  • Presidency primary institution of the political
    system
  • Sweeping powers but limited six year term
  • By 1940 more Mexicans included in the national
    political system

17
Nationalization of Mexican Oil Fields
18
Revolutionary Family COURTs THE AFFLUENT
  • AVILA CAMACHO (1940-46) approaches the private
    sector
  • Miguel Alemán (1946-52)
  • First civilian president since the revolution
  • Slowing social reform
  • Increased industrialization
  • Miguel Alemán

19
Revolutionary Family Modernizes Mexico
  • Cárdenas as godfather of the left
  • Alemán as godfather of the center
  • Institutionalization in structuring of the PRI
  • Labor sector
  • Peasant sector
  • Popular sector
  • Paseo La Reforma Mexico City

20
PRI (Revolutionary Institutional Party) The
Era of Hegemonic Party Rule
  • Mexican Political system as oriented by Cardenas
    Aleman
  • Remarkably durable
  • PRI would become the worlds longest continuously
    ruling party (with the fall of the Soviet
    Communist Party)

21
Political decay undermines Hegemonic Party Rule
  • Political tensions increase in 1970s
  • President Ordaz dirty war
  • Alledged execution of 700 enemies of the state
  • Economic roller-coaster
  • Good news discovery of massive oil and natural
    gas resources
  • Collapsed and so did support for reform
  • Chiapas rebellion
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