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Europe and the World

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Title: Europe and the World


1
Europe and the World
  • 1870-1914

2
The Politics of Mapmaking
  • 1885 only 11 of worlds surface surveyed
  • Great leap forward 1890-1900 but no uniform map
    of the world
  • Issues of debate
  • Units of measurement
  • Location of the prime meridian
  • Advantages of uniformity
  • standardized timekeeping in an age of railroads
  • Appropriate that Great Britain the geopolitical
    power the starting point for the measure of time
    and space

3
Britains Geopolitical Domination1914
4
European Balance of Power1870-1914
THE BIG FIVE
5
Balance of Power Bismarcks Plan to Keep the
Peace
  • Three Emperors League (1873, renewed 1881)
  • Germany
  • Austria Hungary
  • Russia
  • Dual Alliance (1879)
  • Germany
  • Austria Hungary
  • Triple Alliance (1882)
  • Germany
  • Austria Hungary
  • Italy
  • Reinsurance Treaty with Russia (1887)

6
Problems
  • Three Emperors League (1883)
  • Three most conservative powers in Europe
  • Purpose neutrality and consultation
  • Geographic imperative for German Empire
    avoidance of a two front war
  • Geographic weaknesses
  • Germany North Sea ports and encirclement
  • Austria Hungary size and diversity
    agricultural backwardness
  • Russia still Catherine's Greek project-access
    to the Mediterranean and warm water ports

7
Eastern Question and the Problem with Russias
Answer
  • Russo Turkish Wars of the 19th Century
  • 1828-1829 Alexander Ypsilantis Greek Revolt
  • Russian ambitions provoke England to support
    Greek independence movement Romantic poets
  • Treaty of Edirne (Adrianople)
  • 1853-1856 Crimean War
  • Russia destroys Ottoman fleet and western Europe,
    leery of Russian expansion plans, intervenes to
    prop up sick man of Europe
  • Importance of western technology highlighted
  • 1877-1878 Russo Turkish War
  • Treaty of San Stefano
  • Congress of Berlin

8
Additional Approaches
  • Great Britain
  • Acquires Sudan, Egypt, Cyprus, Aden
  • Protects the entrance to the Suez Canal completed
    in 1869 and UK majority stockholder 1875) and
    route to India
  • Germany
  • Berlin to Baghdad Railroad (the Orient Express)
  • Balkans
  • Various bids for independence by host of ethnic
    groups

9
Catherines Greek Project
  • Control the Bosporous to prevent blockade
  • Create dependent Slavic states in the Balkan
    Peninsula
  • Russo-Turkish War 1876 a pretext for intervention
  • Serb revolt in Bosnia Herzegovina 1874 forces
    internal Turkish reform
  • Serbia declares war on Turkey 1876
  • Britain supports Ottomans for geopolitical
    reasons despite atrocities in Bulgaria (Tsvetis
    connection to these)
  • Russia supports Romania captures Armenia
  • Abdul Hamid II sues for peace 1878

10
Treaty of San Stefano March 1878
  • Gave Russia territory in the Caucasus, control of
    Kars
  • Control of the mouth of the Danube
  • Declared the straits leading from the Black Sea
    to the Mediterranean neutral and open to shipping
    in time of war

11
Treaty of Berlin Summer 1878
  • Revised Treaty of San Stefano more in line with
    western demands
  • Bismarck afraid that Germany was losing status as
    a Great Power hosted the Conference as honest
    broker
  • UK, France, Austria Hungary, Italy, Germany,
    Russia, Ottoman Empire the signatories
  • Recognized independence of Romania, Serbia and
    Montenegro and the autonomy of Bulgaria under
    Ottomans
  • Bosnia Herzegovina placed under Austro-Hungarian
    occupation

12
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13
Consequences
  • Estrangement among Great Powers
  • Russia leaves Three Emperors League but renews
    agreement several years later after an agreement
    is reached regarding spoils of Ottoman Empire
  • Alliance system revamped
  • Bismarck signs series of treaties with Italy and
    Russia as well
  • Further problems in the Balkans (1885) contribute
    to increased tension between Austria Hungary and
    Russia

14
French Geopolitical Reality
  • Tension with Germany as a result of loss of
    Franco-Prussian War
  • Loss of status on the continent
  • Humiliating loss of Alsace Lorraine
  • Industrially, militarily, demographically Germany
    provides threat
  • Isolated by Bismarcks diplomacy until 1894 when
    Germanys Reinsurance Treaty lapses with Russia
    and French investment in Russia begins

15
Alliance System prior to War
Triple Alliance
Triple Entente
France
Germany Austria Hungary Italy
1894
1902
UK
1907
Russia
A military alliance
A series of independent diplomatic agreements
16
New Imperialism
  • Acquisition of territories on an intense and
    unprecedented scale
  • Industrialization
  • Transportation
  • Communication
  • Advantages of industrial nation-states in
    marshalling resources
  • New level of domination
  • New level of inequality
  • Destabilizing impact of rivalry

17
Motivation Technologys Impact
  • Steamships replace sailing ships
  • Carry more people and goods, more reliably and
    with predictability of railroad timetables
  • Navigation of rivers like the Congo now possible
  • Engineering feats
  • Suez Canal - de Lesseps 1869 Britain has
    controlling interest 1875
  • Panama Canal
  • New types of firearms
  • Breech-loading rifles, repeating rifles, machine
    guns
  • Accurate aim, rapid fire from distances reaching
    ½ mile
  • Communication
  • 2 years to 2 months to hours thanks to telegraph
    lines and cables
  • Medical advances

18
Motivation Economic
  • Profit for industry often predicated on risk
  • Cant simply assess balance sheet
  • World wide network for investment and markets
  • Krupp armaments thrives
  • Investment opportunities in diamonds in South
    Africa and railroads in China equally attractive
  • Search for sheltered markets at the heart of
    Britains system of imperial preference
  • Pursuit of individual fortunes
  • Protection of the standard of living of the
    working class
  • Joseph Chamberlain, mayor of Birmingham and
    foreign secretary 1895-1903
  • Need for new raw materials
  • Cotton from Egypt and Asia
  • Jute from India for twine, burlap, millions of
    jute bags
  • Rubber and petroleum newly important

19
Motivation Geopolitics
  • Certain geographical areas valuable for political
    reasons
  • Strategic imperative
  • Sahara occupied by France to protect Algeria
  • Proximity to sea routes
  • Suez controlled financially by British
    shareholders 1875
  • Egypt occupied 1882
  • Mediterranean islands, Indian Ocean islands
  • Fueling bases and protection of colonies
  • Djibouti by France in Red Sea
  • Singapore and Hong Kong by UK
  • Increase in naval budgets increase in
    military budgets
  • Military/industrial complex
  • Influence of military in political decision
    making increases

20
Motivation Nationalism
  • Prestige for large and small nations
  • Impact of newspapers
  • Expansion as entertainment for otherwise dull and
    dreary lives
  • Imperial adventurers teams to root for
  • Daily report of square miles gained and peoples
    captured
  • Public opinion
  • Shaping policy - Public outcry in France to
    offset British advances in Egypt results in
    Brazza planting flags in the Congo basin
  • Manipulated by government bread and circuses
    deflect attention from social problems in Germany
  • Jingoism willingness to risk war for national
    glory

21
Motivation Other
  • Missionaries
  • Science National Geographic Society, scientific
    expeditions to take meteorological, astronomical
    readings, collect specimens
  • Wealthy persons the beginnings of eco tourism
    hunting tigers, see sights need and expect their
    governments protection when they travel abroad
  • Outthrust of white mans civilization
  • White Mans Burden - UK
  • Civilizing mission France
  • Diffusion of Kultur Germany
  • Buttressed by Social Darminism

22
The varieties of control
  • Direct
  • Military conquest and direct imperial control
  • Take over of the economic/productive life of the
    country, transforming large sectins of the
    population into wage earners
  • Inequity heightened by racial differences
  • Indirect
  • Lend money to native rulers khedive of Egypt,
    shah of Persia to prop up thrones or live better
  • European advisors to protect the financial stake
  • Extra-territorial rights and privileges

23
The Scramble for Africa
home 1901 to World War II

24
The Scramble for Africa
  • French military men seeking to carve out military
    careers in French West Africa
  • Valuable minerals in Zimbabwe and Zambia
  • Missionaries Malawi and Uganda
  • Strategic reasons French Djibouti, British
    Egypt
  • Take so others cant Tanzania, Namibia,
    Botswana
  • Pseudo scientific racial theories prominent after
    1870 blacks the least developed in the
    evolutionary sequence imperial expansion in
    Africa natural
  • Economic downturn after 1873 grab land in
    case economically useful

25
Leopold II The Catalyst
  • King of Belgium motivated by sheer greed
  • 1876 established International African
    Association ostensibly to stamp out slavery
  • Trading stations established ivory and rubber
    plantations
  • Lobbies for formal European recognition of rights
    in the Congo Basin
  • 1884 International Conference held in Berlin
  • Congo Free State established and rules for
    colonial acquisitions in Africa established
  • Effective occupation involving real presence
    and the plan of economic development

26
Nature of the Scramble
  • European - Conflict minimal
  • Fashoda 1898 Kitchener heads south along Nile
    Marchand heads east for the Red Sea
  • results in the Entente Cordiale - Africa not
    worth going to war over
  • Moroccan crises
  • Africans like shooting ducks in a barrel
  • Ethiopia the exception
  • The importance of modern weaponry
  • Menelik II concessions to France and Italy
    (Russia and Britain) in return for guns
  • General Oreste Baratieri and PM Francesco Crispi
  • Battle of Adowa 1896

27
South Africa
  • Afrikaners the original Dutch settlers
  • Great Trek (1837-1844)
  • Orange Free State and Transvaal established
  • British Cape Colony
  • German annexation of Namibia (1884)
  • 1886 gold deposits found in Witwatersrand
  • Need for capital investment
  • Cecil Rhodes politician and financier problems
    with Transvaal policies Jameson raid
  • Alfred Milners policies to force unification

28
Boer War
  • 350,000 British troops
  • Guerilla warfare
  • Scorched earth
  • Concentration camps
  • Deaths 1902 25,000 Afrikaners, 22,000 British
    troops, 12,000 Africans
  • Cost to Britain splendid isolation no longer
    so splendid segregation the model promised to
    Afrikaners

29
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