PLANT%20ORGANS

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PLANT ORGANS
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Plants generally have four organs

• Roots
• Stems
• Leaves
• Flowers

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ROOTS

• Roots hold the plant in place and they absorb
  water and minerals. Roots usually grow in the
  direction of gravity (down) which is why they are
  most often found underground. They have no
  leaves. In short, the roots are in the ground and
  they give the plant water to help make its food.

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• All roots have a tip.
• The growing tip of roots is protected by a root
  cap consisting of concentric layers of cells
  surrounding the apical meristem where new root
  cells are produced.

                                                                                                                                                                                                                  
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Root Hairs

• Minerals and water molecules enter root hairs and
  travel through the cells of the cortex by
  osmosis.

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Label the Picture Root hairs and root cap
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Apical meristem the zone of dividing cells at
the root apex which give rise to new cells in a
growing root.
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• Elongation also occurs within the roots.
• What is elongation?

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• Label the picture with the following words
  elongation and apical meristem.

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STEM

• Stems are generally above ground, grow upward,
  and have leaves.
• Can stems be different from one another?

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Stems of cactus Give two more examples of stems
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Phloem

• Some plants have bark which contains phloem.
• It is a tissue that conducts synthesized food
  (glucose) substances (e.g., from leaves) to parts
  where needed by transporting the food made in the
  leaves, down the stems and into the roots.
  Phloem-FLOWS down the plant!

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Xylem

• acts as a protective layer on the outside of the
  plant which helps prevent damage and water loss.
  It absorbs water and minerals through the roots
  and transports them up the stem and into the
  leaves. Xylem transports UP the plant.

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Phloem does what?Xylem does what?

• Phloem brings food down the plant.
• Xylem brings water and minerals up the plant.

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• Phloem and Xylem inside of a stem are found
  inside vascular bundles.
• Inside an individual root their inside an
  endodermis.

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• The table below will help you remember the
  differences between the two types of vessel
• Xylem Phloem
• made of dead cells living cells
• cell wall thickness thick thin
• cell wall material lignin cellulose
• permeability of cell wall impermeable permeable
• cytoplasm? none cells lined with
  cytoplasm strands
• function transport of water and minerals
  transport of food
• carried to ... leaves growing parts and
  storage organs
• direction of flow upward up and down
• tissue also has.. fibres companion cells

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Vascular Cambium

• one-cell-thick layer of tissue between xylem and
  phloem in most vascular plants (plants that
  contain vessels for transporting) that is
  responsible for secondary growth.
• Produces additional vascular tissues!

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Vascular vs. Non-Vascular

• Vascular tube-like (water, food, etc.)
• Ex. Pine, maple, ferns, grass, ivy sunflowers
• Non-vascular No tubes (osmosis, diffusion)
• Ex. Mosses 575
• Liverworts 577

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Cork Cambium

• Located outside the phloem, produces CORK. Cork
  cells replace the epidermis in woody stems and
  roots, protecting the plant. Cork cells are DEAD
  CELLS that provide protection and prevent water
  loss.

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How Old is that tree?

• Each year a tree adds a layer of wood to its
  trunk and branches thus creating the annual rings
  we see when viewing a section. New wood grows
  from the cambium layer between the old wood and
  the bark. In the spring, when moisture is
  plentiful, the tree devotes its energy to
  producing new growth cells.

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• These first new cells are large, but as the
  summer progresses their size decreases until, in
  the fall, growth stops and cells die, with no new
  growth appearing until the next spring. The
  contrast between these smaller old cells and next
  years larger new cells is enough to establish a
  ring, thus making counting possible.

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• Wide rings of certain species of trees were
  produced during wet years and inversely, narrow
  rings during dry seasons.

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• Between you and your lab partner grab a piece of
  wood and determine the following pieces of data
• 1. How old is your tree?
• 2. How many dry seasons were there?
• 3. How many wet seasons were there?

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The massive trunk of this Chilean wine palm has grown in girth due to the production of new vascular bundles from the primary and secondary thickening meristems.


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LEAFS

• The leaf contains veins and stomatas
• Veins carry nutrients and water through the
  leaf
• Stomatas are pores in the epidermis of a leaf or
  stem through which gases and water vapor pass.
• Draw a picture of a stomata including their guard
  cells. Page. 639

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Flowers

• Are responsible for one important function
  reproduction. Flowers are the plants
  reproductive structures. Angiosperms are types
  of plants that bear fruits and flowers. Flowers
  are usually both male and female, and are
  brightly colored to attract insects to help them
  carry pollen used for sexual reproduction.

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• Not all flowers are colorful, though. These
  flowers usually use the wind for pollination.

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Complete Flower

• In order to be a complete flower you must have
  all four of the following organs sepal, petal,
  stamen, and pistil.
• An incomplete flower is missing one or more of
  the flower organs.

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Box Elder Flower!
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Flower Anatomy

• The peduncle is the tip of the stalk where the
  flower begins.
• The receptacle starts at the peduncle and acts as
  a base to which all other parts of the flower are
  attached.
• Sepals are leaf-like protective coverings of the
  bud that grow typically in an outer whorl.
• Petals are the inner whorl of leaves

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• Pistils are the female organs. There can be one
  or more. There are 3 parts of the pistil
• the stigma receives the pollen and is sticky
• the style connects the stigma to the ovary
• the ovary is where seeds develop
• Stamen are the male organs. The number of stamen
  per flower varies. There are 2 parts of the
  stamen
• the filament produces pollen
• the anther caps the filament

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Decide what these flowers are from the following
choices

• perfect
• regular
• irregular
• incomplete
• complete

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Investigation of the Leaf Stomata

1. In partners you will be investigating leaf
   stomata's on plants.
2. They are located on the tops and bottoms of
   leaves.
3. Each group will need to make an impression on
   both the top and bottom layers of the leaf. DO
   NOT TEAR THE LEAF OFF THE PLANT! Be careful!

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1. Do not begin the lab until you have read through
   the lab completely. Then you may begin.
2. Make sure you obtain the proper materials and
   return them once you have used them.

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• Will plants have more stoma open during the day
  than during the night?
• Make a hypothesis about the number of open
  stomata found in a plant kept in the dark
  compared to a plant in the light.

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1st hour-in Light 1st hour-in Light 5th hour-in dark 5th hour-in dark
Stomatas found on the top Stomatas found on the bottom Stomatas found on the top Stomatas found on the bottom
7, 5, 100ish, 31, 16, 11, 0, 7, 100ish, 36, 5, 10 0, 0, 30, 6, 8, 4, 80, 6 79, 30, 8, 9, 45ish, 25, 4,
10, 21, 1, 11, 0
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Label the Leaf Diagram
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Plant Tissue Systems

• There are three main types of plant tissues
• dermal
• vascular
• ground.
• The tissues help the plant grow

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DERMAL

• The dermal system has the epidermis which is the
  outermost layer of the plant body. It makes the
  skin of the plant. Epidermal cells vary in
  function and structure.

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• The epidermis has openings through which gasses
  are switched with the atmosphere. The openings
  are enclosed by guard cells which change the size
  of the stomata openings and control the gas
  exchange.

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It is through the stomata's that gas exchange
takes place photosynthesis and respiration
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• The epidermis is covered with a coating called
  the cuticle, which serves as a waterproof layer
  and reduces water lost through evaporation.
• What are examples of plants with a thick cuticle?
  

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Vascular System

• This system is made up of two types of conducting
  tissues. They are the xylem, which conducts the
  water, and dissolved mineral nutrients and the
  phloem, which conducts food.

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Ground System

• The ground tissues of plants are made up of three
  tissues.

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Roots

• Three main types of roots
• 1. Taproot the first root to develop from a
  germinating seed, also called primary root, which
  digs deep into the soil searching for water.
  Taproots can also act as storage roots, storing
  water and minerals for the plant to survive off
  of.

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Fibrous Root

• Slender, branched roots that look like fine
  string of yarn.

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Adventitious roots

• Roots that grow from the stems or leaves of a
  plant

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Contractile roots

• Roots that can change in length and thickness,
  pulling shoots closer to the ground or deeper
  into the soil.

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• The roots grow downward, then contract, pulling
  the plant's crown (a thick underground stem
  called a "rhizome") deeper into the mud. Each
  year, the plant digs itself deeper into the earth
  and extends its anchor-roots farther down.

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Root Hairs

• Can be found on any root system. They are tiny
  projections from the surface cells of a root that
  extend through the soil around the root.

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Draw this picture on the bottom of page 11.
Label it Roots.

• This is a picture looking closely at a root.
• Every root has a protective root cap on the end.
  This allows the new dividing cells a source of
  protection when the root is digging deep into the
  soil.

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Draw the following picture (pg. 11)
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Vegetable Lab

• Between you and your lab partner pick 3
  vegetables to observe and dissect
• Fill our the data table regarding your
  vegetables.
• Next, dissect only a small portion of the
  vegetable. Then place your vegetable back for
  other classes to use.

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• Look at a section of your plant under the
  microscope and draw a picture of what you see.
• Answer the questions

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MONOCOTS DICOTS (pg. 8)

• Traditionally, the vast world of flowering
  plants, phylum Anthophyta, has been known as the
  angiosperms. It has been divided into two great
  subdivisions, or classes, known as the monocots
  and the dicots.

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Monocots vs. Dicots
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Answer these questions on page 11 in your lab
book.

• Read the inside story on page 628 and answer the
  following questions
• What are meristems?
• What are the different types of meristems?

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• What are meristems?
• Produce new plant cells.
• Types of meristems?
• 1) apical meristem height
• 2) vascular cambium width in stem
• 3) cork cambium Bark