Superpowers Face Off

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Superpowers Face Off

U.S.S.R
USA
vs.
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Focus

• What do you remember about the Cold War from
  World History?

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The Cold War 1945-1991 An Ideological
Struggle
Soviet Eastern Bloc NationsIron Curtain
US the Western Democracies
GOAL ? Containment of Communism the eventual
collapse of the Communist world.George Kennan
GOAL ? spread world-wide Communism

• METHODOLOGIES
• Espionage KGB vs. CIA
• Arms Race nuclear escalation
• Ideological Competition for the minds and hearts
  of Third World peoples Communist govt. command
  economy vs. democratic govt. capitalist
  economy ? proxy wars
• Bi-Polarization of Europe NATO vs. Warsaw Pact

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Yalta ConferenceFeb. 1945

• The Division of Germany once the war is over
• Soviet Union would occupy Eastern European
  countries and agreed to hold elections in these
  countries following the war

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Potsdam ConferenceJuly 1945
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The Soviet Union 1922-1991
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Roots of the Cold War

• Differences between the Soviet Union and the
  United States reached back to the 1920s.
• Soviet Union communism, totalitarian
  dictatorship
• United States capitalism, republic

Philosophical Differences

• Allies during the war, but not truly friends
• Soviets wanted British and Americans to open a
  second European front earlier in the war. 28
• U.S. atomic bomb plans worried Soviet Union.

World War II Conflicts
Map

• The Soviet Union refused to let Eastern Europe
  hold elections as promised at Yalta.
• The United States resisted Soviet expansion.

Postwar Conflicts
Which of the causes do you think was the major
source Of conflict leading to the Cold War?
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Pair Share

• What were some causes of the Cold War?

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The Iron CurtainWhat is an Iron Curtain?

• Stalin wanted to retain political and economic
  control over Eastern Europe.
• The Soviets managed to install Communist
  governments throughout Eastern Europe.
• Stalin outlawed political parties or newspapers
  that opposed the Communists.
• The Soviets jailed or killed some political
  opponents.
• The Soviets rigged elections to ensure the
  success of Communists.
• Yugoslavia was the one Eastern European nation
  that was not under the direct control of Stalin
  and the Soviet Union.
• Josip Broz Tito, a Communist, refused to take
  orders from the Soviet Union.
• The Soviet Union relocated Germans living in
  Poland and other countries of Eastern Europe.

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The Iron Curtain
Western Views of the Iron Curtain

• Winston Churchill attacked the Soviet Union for
  creating an Iron Curtain.
• The term reflected Churchills belief that
  communism had created a sharp division in Europe.
• Harry S Truman urged his secretary of state to
  get tough with the Soviets.

Soviet Views of the Iron Curtain

• Stalin believed that the Iron Curtain was
  necessary to protect the Soviet Union from
  western attacks.
• Stalin used Churchills words to help persuade
  his people that the United States and Great
  Britain were their enemies.
• He also used this as an excuse to rebuild the
  military.

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Iron Curtain
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Explain the meaning of the political cartoon.
Who are the people? What are they doing? Etc.
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Buffer Zone
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Soviet Union Communism
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Russian History of Invasion

• France (Napoleon) 350,000 Russians killed
• Germany (WWI) 5 million Russians killed
• Total deaths of WWI- 16 million
• Germany (WWII) 30 million Russians killed
• Japan 2 million, Germany 7 million
  killed
• Total deaths of WWII- 60-70 million
• Stalin wanted a Buffer Zone against future
  attacks
• What is a Buffer Zone? Was he Justified?

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Pair Share Analyze this Political Cartoon
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Pair Share Analyze this Political Cartoon
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• Who said, An Iron Curtain has descended upon the
  Continent?
• What is the Iron Curtain?

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United States Response to Communism

• George Keenan comes up with the containment
  policy (keep communism where it is, do not let it
  spread)
• Truman Doctrine We will help countries at risk
  of becoming communist
• Marshall Plan Sent 13 billion to Western
  European nations
• Berlin Airlift Soviets close Berlin US flies in
  supplies to the people for nearly 1 year, flying
  280,000 flights in and out or Berlin

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• What is the official Cold War policy of the
  United States?
• Define

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How did the United States respond to Soviet
actions in Europe?

• Containment
• George F. Kennan created a policy known as
  containment.
• This policy stated that the United States should
  resist Soviet attempts to expand its power.
• Containment included economic aid, sanctions, and
  military force.

• Truman Doctrine
• Said that the United States would help people
  fight against oppressors
• Truman wanted to send aid to Greece and Turkey to
  help them fight Soviet pressure.
• Congress agreed to send millions of dollars to
  Greece and Turkey.

• Marshall Plan
• An aid program to rebuild the economies of
  European countries to create stable conditions
  for democracies
• 17 countries received 13.4 billion dollars in
  aid.
• Helped build strong political support in Western
  Europe

Map
Plan
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• What was the Truman Doctrine?
• What was the Marshall Plan?

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Crisis in Berlin

• With the start of the Cold War, it became clear
  that the Soviets planned to keep their German
  zone under Communist control.
• The British, Americans, and French began to take
  steps to set up a free, democratic government
  within their German zones.
• The western zone eventually became known as the
  Federal Republic of Germany, or West Germany.
• The British, Americans, and French also tried to
  set up a democratic government in West Berlin.
• The Soviets were not happy with the idea of a
  Western-style government and economy in the
  middle of the Soviet zone of occupation.

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The Crisis in Berlin

• Soviets Bloc Traffic
• In June 1948 the Soviets announced that they
  would block any road, rail, or river traffic into
  West Berlin.
• West Berlins residents were cut off from food,
  coal, and other products.
• West Berlin was not completely cutoff because it
  had airstrips.

• The Berlin Airlift
• British and American planes began making
  deliveries to West Berlin.
• The Berlin Airlift continued for months and
  months.
• Finally, the Soviet Union lifted its blockade on
  May 12, 1949.

• NATO Forms
• In 1949 the U.S. and 6 other nations joined
  Belgium, France, Luxembourg, the Netherlands, and
  the U.K. to form NATO.
• An armed attack against one would be considered
  an attack against all.
• Today, 26 countries belong to NATO.

Berlin
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Berlin Airlift
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Berlin Air LiftJune 1948- May 19497,000 tons of
supplies daily
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Pair Share Analyze this Political Cartoon.
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• Why did the Soviet Union block all traffic into
  West Berlin?
• How did the U.S. respond?
• What is NATO?

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What were two different ways that the Marshall
Plan benefited the United States?
Why did the U.S. offer aid to Eastern European
countries?
Why do you think the Soviet Union refused U.S.
aid?
Back
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Crisis In Berlin

• The Soviet Union has just blocked all access
  routes into West Berlin. 2.1 million residents
  are now without food, water, and other basic
  necessities? If you were the president, what
  would you do?

Back
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NATO

• NATO

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NATO Today
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Back
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Why help Greece and Turkey?
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