Biology

1
Biology

• EOCT Prep

2
Characteristics of Science1

• Theory A is a well-established scientific
  theory. One hypothesis that could refute this
  theory is successful tested over many
  experiments. What action must be taken for this
  hypothesis to pose a legitimate challenge to
  Theory A?
• collecting empirical data
• publishing data for peer review
• forming a question for an investigation
• turning the hypothesis into scientific law

3
Characteristics of Science1

• A student came to class wanting to know if
  material from outer space was responsible for
  putting organisms on Earth. The teacher explained
  that this was not a scientific question because
• it was not true.
• it could not be tested.
• it was the best explanation.
• it had already been proven to be wrong.

4
Characteristics of Science1

• A company that produces pesticides
  conducts an experiment to test the effectiveness
  of their newest product. The scientist involved
  in the development of the pesticide is the one
  who will interpret the results. Why is this a
  problem?
• The pesticide could be made better during the
  process.
• The results could be shared with a competing
  company.
• The scientist will not know how to make accurate
  observations.
• The scientist may misinterpret the results
  because he knows what should happen.

5
Characteristics of Science1

• A hypothesis and a theory are related
  because
• a theory is always used to develop a hypothesis.
• they are both developed in the absence of
  observations.
• the data collected when a hypothesis is tested
  can support a theory.
• an experiment is done before the formation of
  both a hypothesis and a theory.

6
GPS Standards - Cells

• SB1. Students will analyze the nature of the
  relationships between structures and functions in
  living cells.
• Explain the role of cell organelles for both
  prokaryotic and eukaryotic cells, including the
  cell membrane, in maintaining homeostasis and
  cell reproduction.
• Explain how enzymes function as catalysts.
• Identify the function of the four major
  macromolecules (i.e., carbohydrates, proteins,
  lipids, nucleic acids).
• Explain the impact of water on life processes
  (i.e., osmosis, diffusion).

7
Prokaryotic Cell - Bacteria
8
Eukaryotic Cells
9
Cells - Chemistry

• Which is the correct hierarchy of life from
  simple to complex?
• cell ? tissue ? organ ? organ system ? organism
• DNA ? cell ? organ ? organ system ? organism
• organism ? organ system ? organ ? tissue ? cell
• bacteria ? cell ? tissue ? organ ? organ system

10
Cells

• What structure is common to all six kingdoms
  of living organisms?
• DNA
• Nucleus
• Cell wall
• Mitochondria

11
Cells

• Inside eukaryotic cells are membrane
  -bound structures called
• cell walls
• cilia
• organelle
• cytoplasm

12
Cells

• The function of the cell organelle circled
  below is to produce energy. What is the name of
  this organelle?
• Golgi apparatus
• mitochondrion
• nucleus
• ribosome

13
Cells

• A type of cell that can exist in a broad
  range of environmental conditions, can rapidly
  multiply, and lacks a nucleus is known as what
  type of cell?
• Animal
• Eukaryotic
• Plant
• Prokaryotic

14
Cells

• While observing an Elodea plant cell
  through a microscope, a student noticed some
  small, moving green disks. These organelles were
  most likely which of the following?
• chloroplasts
• leucoplasts
• mitochondria
• ribosomes

15
Cells

• Animal cells have all of the following
  EXCEPT
• mitochondria.
• chloroplasts.
• a nucleus.
• a cell membrane.
• Golgi apparatus.

16
Cells

• The nucleus includes all of the following
  structures EXCEPT
• cytoplasm.
• nuclear envelope (membrane).
• DNA.
• nucleolus.
• chromatin.

17
Cells

• In a typical cell placed into fresh water,
  osmotic pressure produces
• active transport.
• a net movement of water out of the cell.
• a net movement of water into the cell.
• protein synthesis.
• no change.

18
Cells

• Which of the following are sometimes found
  attached to the endoplasmic reticulum?
• chloroplasts
• mitochondria
• vacuoles
• nuclei
• ribosomes

19
Cells

• A microscope and determines that it is a
  eukaryote. Which structure did the student
  identify in order to come to this conclusion?
• vacuole
• nucleus
• cell wall
• ribosome

20
Cells

• Unlike prokaryotic cells, eukaryotic cells
  have the capacity to
• assemble into multicellular organisms
• establish symbiotic relationships with other
  organisms
• obtain energy from the Sun
• store genetic information in the form of DNA

21
Cells

• Which of the following organelles is present
  in both prokaryotes and eukaryotes?
• Nucleus
• Ribosome
• Golgi
• Endoplasmic reticulum

22
Cells

• At which organelle are proteins
  manufactured?
• mitochondrion
• nucleus
• ribosome
• vacuole

23
Cells

• The major difference between prokaryotic and
  eukaryotic cells is the presence of which of the
  following?
• membrane-bound organelles
• cytoplasm
• a cell membrane
• nucleic acids

24
Cells

1. Nucleus is present.
2. Cell wall is present.
3. Chloroplasts and mitochondria are both present.

• The eukaryotic organism described above should be
  classified as
• an animal
• a bacterium
• a fungus
• a plant

25
Homeostasis

• In all reptiles, birds, and mammals, the
  processes of excretion, water and salt balance
  and the regulation of pH in body fluids are
  controlled by the kidneys. This is an example of
  the organism maintaining
• A reabsorption
• B homeostasis
• C insulation
• D hibernation

26
Cells Membrane Transport

• What is the function of a cells
  selectively permeable membrane?
• to regulate energy production in the cell
• to keep mitochondria from using nuclear material
• to maintain a constant lipid-protein ratio in the
  cell
• to control materials entering and leaving the
  cell

27
Cells - Membrane Transport

• Which of the following examples illustrates
  osmosis?
• A Water leaves the tubules of the kidney in
  response to the hypertonic fluid surrounding the
  tubules.
• B Digestive enzymes are excreted into the small
  intestine.
• C White blood cells consume pathogens and cell
  debris at the site of an infection.
• D Calcium is pumped inside a muscle cell after
  the muscle completes its contraction.

28
Cell Membrane Transport

• What is the primary difference between
  diffusion and osmosis?
• Diffusion requires energy input but osmosis does
  not.
• Diffusion does not require energy input but
  osmosis does.
• Diffusion is the movement of water from high to
  low concentration, while osmosis is the movement
  of any substance from high to low concentration.
• Diffusion is the movement of any substance from
  high to low concentration, while osmosis is the
  movement of water from high to low concentration.

29
Cells Membrane Transport

• Which process always involves the movement
  of materials from inside the cell to outside the
  cell?
• phagocytosis
• endocytosis
• diffusion
• exocytosis
• osmosis

30
Cells Membrane Transport

• Which of the following is NOT an example
  of active transport?
• Facilitated diffusion
• Osmosis
• Diffusion
• I only
• III only
• I and II only
• II and III only
• I, II, and III

31
Cells Membrane Transport

• Which of the following is an example
  of a eukaryote?
• Plant
• Bacterium
• Fungus
• I only
• II only
• I and III only
• II and III only
• I, II, and III

32
Cells Mitosis1

• Which lists the mitosis phases in the
  correct order?
• prophase, metaphase, anaphase, telophase
• prophase, anaphase, metaphase, telophase
• telophase, metaphase, anaphase, prophase
• telophase, anaphase, metaphase, prophase

33
Cells - Macromolecules

• Which of the following molecules provides the
  greatest amount of energy per gram of mass when
  metabolized?
• A carbohydrate
• B nucleic acid
• C protein
• D lipid

34
Cells Macromolecules1

• When an animal has to survive without food for
  a long time, it will eventually break down
  proteins for energy. However, this process occurs
  only after exhausting the animals reserves of
• A DNA and RNA.
• B carbohydrates and lipids.
• C carbon dioxide and water.
• D enzymes and nucleic acids.

35
Cells - Macromolecules

• Proteins are long chains or polymers made up
  of
• A nucleotides
• B carbohydrates
• C amino acids
• D lipids

36
Cells - Macromolecules

• Which bond holds water molecules together?
• A ionic bond
• B nonpolar covalent bond
• C hydrogen bond
• D Van de Waals interaction

37
Enzymes

• Food is commonly refrigerated at
  temperatures 2C to 7C to slow the rate of
  spoilage by bacteria. Which of the following best
  explains why refrigeration at these temperatures
  slows the spoilage of food?
• A Bacteria that cause food spoilage are killed
  by these low temperatures.
• B Bacteria that cause food spoilage multiply
  rapidly at these temperatures.
• C The enzymes in bacteria that cause food
  spoilage are not active at these temperatures.
• D The enzymes in bacteria that cause food
  spoilage are denatured at these temperatures.

38
Enzymes

• Which of the following environmental changes
  can cause an increase in the rates of chemical
  reactions in cells?
• A increased temperature
• B decreased enzyme concentrations
• C increased activation energy requirement
• D decreased diffusion rates

39
GPS Standards - Genetics

• SB2. Students will analyze how biological
  traits are passed on to successive generations.
• Distinguish between DNA and RNA.
• Explain the role of DNA in storing and
  transmitting cellular information.
• Using Mendels laws, explain the role of meiosis
  in reproductive variability.
• Describe the relationships between changes in DNA
  and potential appearance of new traits including
• Alterations during replication (insertions,
  deletions, substitutions)
• Mutagenic factors that can alter DNA (high energy
  radiation, X-rays and ultraviolet, and chemical)
• Compare the advantages of sexual reproduction and
  asexual reproduction in different situations.
• Examine the use of DNA technology in forensics,
  medicine, and agriculture.

40
SB2a.

• Which of the following is the correct
  base-pairing rule for DNA?
• A A-U C-G
• B A-G T-C
• C A-T G-C
• D A-C T-G

41
SB2a.

• A characteristic of RNA is that it
• A remains in the chromosomes in the nucleus
• B is involved in translating information in DNA
  into proteins
• C undergoes crossing-over during meiosis
• D is replicated during the process of mitosis

42
SB2a.1

• How do the functions of DNA and RNA differ?
• A DNA directs protein transport, while RNA aids
  in energy production.
• B DNA aids in energy production, while RNA
  directs protein transport.
• C DNA stores genetic information, while RNA
  relays genetic information for protein synthesis.
• D DNA relays genetic information for protein
  synthesis, while RNA stores genetic information.

43
SB2a.1

• Which are components of DNA and RNA?
• A sugar, sulfate, and amino acid
• B sugar, sulfate, and nucleic acid
• C sugar, phosphate, and amino acid
• D sugar, phosphate, and nitrogenous base

44
SB2a.1

• Which is the difference in structure between
  RNA and DNA?
• A RNA is double stranded while DNA is single
  stranded.
• B RNA is single stranded while DNA is double
  stranded .
• C RNA has a 6-carbon sugar while DNA has a
  5-carbon sugar.
• D RNA has a 5-carbon sugar while DNA has a
  6-carbon sugar.

45
SB2a.7

• During DNA replication, which of the following
  segments would be complementary to the original
  DNA segment of CCTAAT?
• A CGATTA
• B GGUTTU
• C GGATTA
• D GGAUUA

46
SB2a.7

• Which of the strands below is the complement
  to the segment GCATCCGA of a DNA molecule?
• A CCTAGGCT
• B GCATCCGA
• C CGUAGGCU
• D CGTAGGCT

47
SB2a.7

• The chart below matches messenger RNA codons
  with amino acids.
• A DNA strand has the codon TCA. According to
  the chart, the corresponding messenger RNA codes
  for which of the following amino acids?
• A glycine
• B leucine
• C alanine
• D serine

glycine leucine alanine serine
GGU GGC GGA GGG UUA UUG CUU CUC CUA CUG GCU GCC GCA GCG UCU UCC UCA UCG AGC AGU
48
SB2a.8

• Which series of bases will complete this strand
  of DNA?
• A CCTGAT
• B ACTGGC
• C GTAGGC
• D TCAGGG

49
SB2a.3

• Which of the following correctly shows the
• shape of a DNA molecule?

50
SB2b.7

• The messenger RNA will carry the DNAs
  instructions out of the nucleus to which of the
  following?
• A vacuole
• B mitochondria
• C chloroplast
• D ribosome

51
SB2b.

• Information on mRNA is used to make a sequence
  of amino acids into a protein by which of the
  following processes?
• A replication
• B translation
• C transcription
• D transference

52
SB2b.7

• Which type of RNA is responsible for bringing
  amino acids to the ribosome for protein
  synthesis?
• A messenger RNA
• B transfer RNA
• C ribosomal RNA
• D mitochondrial RNA

53
SB2b.7

• To determine the molecular sequence of a gene
  for a protein, which molecule should be analyzed?
• A tRNA
• B ATP
• C DNA
• D rRNA

54
SB2b.7

• What is the purpose of transfer RNA?
• A It unzips the double helix so transcription can
  begin.
• B It retrieves amino acids from the cytoplasm for
  protein construction.
• C It carries genetic information to the
  ribosomes.
• D It produces a complementary copy of a strand of
  DNA.

55
SB2b.7

• If a portion of a DNA strand has the base
  sequence TACGCA, what will be the base sequence
  of the mRNA strand transcribed?
• A TACGCA
• B UACGCA
• C AUGCGU
• D ATGCGT

56
SB2b.7

• Transcription of the DNA sequence below
• AAGCTGGGA
• would most directly result in which of the
  following?
• A a sequence of three amino acids, linked by
  peptide bonds
• B a DNA strand with the base sequence TTCGACCCT
• C a mRNA strand with the sequence TTCGACCCT
• D a mRNA strand with the sequence UUCGACCCU

57
SB2b.

• Which of the following shows how
• information is transformed to make a protein?
• A DNA ? RNA ? protein
• B gene ? chromosome ? protein
• C cell respiration ? ATP ? protein
• D ATP ? amino acid ? protein

58
SB2c.

• Through his experiments with pea plants,
  Gregor Mendel concluded that inheritance of
  traits is determined by
• the presence of bees in the environment.
• a factor that is passed down from just one
  parent.
• the environmental conditions on the day of
  mating.
• a pair of factors, one passed down from each
  parent.

59
SB2c.

• In fruit flies, the gray body color (G) is
  dominant to the ebony body color (g). What is the
  genotypic ratio of the offspring of a
• heterozygous gray female and an ebony male?
• A 25 Gg, 75 gg
• B 50 Gg, 50 gg
• C 75 gray, 25 ebony
• D 100 gray

60
SB2c.3

• Pea plants have seeds that are either round or
  wrinkled. In this cross, what will be the
  phenotypic ratio of the offspring?
• A 50 RR and 50 Rr
• B 25 RR, 50 Rr, 25 rr
• C 50 round seeds, 50 wrinkled seeds
• D 100 round seeds

61
SB2c.3

• The observed trait that appears in an organism
  as a result of its genetic makeup is called the
  organisms
• A allele
• B genotype
• C phenotype
• D karyotype

62
SB2c.7

• In a genetics laboratory, two heterozygous
  tall plants are crossed. If tall is dominant over
  short, what are the expected phenotypic results?
• A 100 tall
• B 75 tall, 25 short
• C 50 tall, 50 short
• D 25 tall, 75 short

63
SB2c.7

• A human skin cell contains 46 chromosomes.
  How many chromosomes are present in a human sperm
  cell?
• A 23
• B 46
• C 92
• D 138

64
SB2c.7

• Some traits are determined by more than two
  alleles. If aabbcc is crossed with AABBCC, what
  would be the genotype of the offspring?
• A AaBbCc
• B AABBCC
• C aabbcc
• D aaAAbbBBccCC

65
SB2c.7

• Mr. Jones has blood type A and Mrs. Jones has
  blood type AB. What is the probability that they
  will have a child with blood type A if both Mr.
  Jones parents were AB?
• A 0
• B 25
• C 50
• D 100

66
SB2c.7

• In sickle cell anemia, the heterozygous
  condition results in resistance to malaria. If
  two heterozygous parents have a child, what are
  the chances of that child being resistant to
  malaria but not having sickle cell anemia?
• A 25
• B 50
• C 75
• D 100

67
SB2c.7

• In guinea pigs, the allele for rough coat (R)
  is dominant to the allele for smooth coat (r). A
  rough coat male and a smooth coat female mate.
  They produce several litters, of which 50 are
  rough coat and 50 are smooth coat. What were the
  genotypes of the parents?
• A RR x rr
• B Rr x rr
• C RR x Rr
• D Rr x Rr

68
SB2c.1

• In pea plants, a smooth pea is dominant to a
  wrinkled pea. What is the genotypic ratio from a
  cross between a plant that has homozygous
  smooth-skin peas and a plant with wrinkled-skin
  peas?
• A 4 RR 0 Rr 0 rr
• B 0 RR 4 Rr 0 rr
• C 0 RR 0 Rr 4 rr
• D 1 RR 2 Rr 1 rr

69
SB2c.

• Gregor Mendels work with garden peas led him
  to a crucial understanding of inheritance. Before
  Mendel started his experiments, he had to ensure
  the plants were
• A hybrids.
• B asexual.
• C purebred.
• D cross-pollinated.

70
SB2c.

• When an organism has two different alleles for
  a trait, it is said to be
• A recessive
• B dominant
• C homozygous
• D heterozygous

71
SB2c.

• In Mendels experiments with a single trait,
  the trait that disappeared in the first
  generation and reappeared in the next generation
  is called the
• A homozygous trait
• B dominant trait
• C recessive trait
• D heterozygous trait

72
SB2d.

• DNA in an individuals gametes will most
  likely be altered before being passed to
  offspring if exposed to
• A x-rays
• B loud sounds
• C magnetic fields
• D extreme temperatures

73
SB2c.

• A couple has two children, one with brown
  hair and blue eyes and one with brown hair and
  brown eyes. The fact that the children can have
  the same hair color but different eye color is
  explained by the
• law of segregation.
• principle of probability.
• principle of dominance.
• law of independent assortment.

74
SB2d.

• What is a source of genetic variation?
• A adaptation
• B mutation
• C respiration
• D transpiration

75
SB2d.

• A type of mutation that can alter DNA by the
  loss of a nucleotide base is known as
• A substitution
• B crossing over
• C deletion
• D insertion

76
SB2e.7

• Which statement is true regarding asexual
  reproduction as a method of producing offspring?
• A common among mammals
• B not a method used by plants
• C produces offspring that are genetically
  identical
• D limited to unicellular organisms

77
SB2e.7

• Which of the following demonstrates the most
  significant difference between asexual and sexual
  reproduction?
• A The chromosome number is reduced during asexual
  reproduction.
• B The number of chromosomes is reduced during
  sexual reproduction.
• C The appearance of the organism is changed as a
  result of asexual reproduction.
• D There is genetic variation as a result of
  sexual reproduction.

78
SB2f.

• Genetic engineering techniques have been used
  to produce all of the following effects except
• A grow salt-tolerant crop plants
• B decrease harvesting time
• C make crop plants resistant to disease
• D decrease soil nitrogen levels

79
SB2f.1

• Biologists have the technology to convert a
  tiny amount of DNA, such as that found in ancient
  fossils, into a large amount of DNA, which is
  more easily studied. What scientific discovery
  has resulted from this technology?
• A the social interactions between many ancient
  species
• B the traits that many ancient species learned
  and acquired
• C the evolutionary relationships between many
  ancient species
• D the environmental factors that caused many
  ancient species to evolve

80
SB2f.1

• Geneticists have learned that segments of a
  cells DNA can be removed and replaced with
  different segments of DNA. What development can
  arise as a result of this knowledge?
• A animals that can inherit acquired traits
• B crops that have more desirable genetic traits
• C crops that can avoid passing genetic traits to
  offspring
• D animals that can convert acquired traits into
  genetic ones

81
GPS Standards - Evolution

• SB5. Students will evaluate the role of
  natural selection in the development of the
  theory of evolution.
• Trace the history of the theory.
• Explain the history of life in terms of
  biodiversity, ancestry, and the rates of
  evolution.
• Explain how fossil and biochemical evidence
  support the theory.
• Relate natural selection to changes in organisms.
• Recognize the role of evolution to biological
  resistance (pesticide and antibiotic resistance).

82
SB5a. History of Evolution

• The idea that evolution takes place at a
  continuous but very slow rate is known as
• A succession
• B artificial selection
• C punctuated equilibrium
• D gradualism

83
SB5a. History of Evolution

• What question did both Lamarck and Darwin try
  to answer with their theories of evolution?
• A What is the role of DNA in the inheritance of
  traits?
• B What causes populations of organisms to change
  over time?
• C What are the patterns of heredity in sexually
  reproducing organisms?
• D What happens to beneficial traits when
  populations undergo natural selection?

84
SB5a. History of Evolution

• Ancestors of the koala lived on the
• ground, but modern koalas live in
• trees and eat eucalyptus leaves, which
• are poisonous to most other animals.
• The difference between the ancestor
• and modern koalas was caused by
• A the presence of homologous structures
• B the presence of vestigial organs
• C selective breeding
• D natural selection

85
SB5a. History of Evolution

• Jean Baptiste de Lamarck believed
• that traits were passed on to
• offspring, not by genes, but as a result
• of experience or behavior over the course
• of the organisms life. Lamarcks explanation
• for the modification of species depended on
• A inheritance of acquired characteristics
• B the law of superposition
  
• C convergent evolution
• D natural selection

86
SB5a. History of Evolution

• Which scientist is correctly paired with his
  area of research?
• A August Weismann common ancestry of species
• B Jean Lamarck origin of life on Earth
• C Stanley Miller survival of the fittest
• D Charles Darwin natural selection

87
SB5b. Biodiversity

• Horses and tapirs have a common ancestor,
  but they now look very different from one
  another. Horses are now grassland animals adapted
  for grazing on grass and shrubs. Tapirs are
  jungle animals that live in dense forests and eat
  fruit, leaves, and aquatic vegetation. Which of
  the following led to the development of such
  differences in the two species?
• A selective breeding
• B convergent evolution
• C DNA hybridization
• D natural selection

Tapir
88
SB5b. Biodiversity

• According to the theory of natural selection,
  a species that lacks the variations necessary to
  adapt to a changing environment will most likely
• A become dormant
• B mutate
• C become extinct
• D fossilize

89
SB5b. Biodiversity

• A large island in the Pacific Ocean
  supports isolated populations of two groups of
  frogs. The following observations of these frogs
  were recorded by scientists.
• (1) Are different in color
• (2) Excrete different products
• (3) Live in different, isolated habitats
• (4) Can interbreed and produce fertile offspring
• Which observation best supports the
  inference that these frogs belong to the same
  species?
• A 1
• B 2
• C 3
• D 4

90
SB5b. Biodiversity

• Geographic and reproductive isolation are
  most closely associated with
• A speciation
• B extinction
• C overproduction
• D competition

91
SB5b. Biodiversity

• The development of scientists of a new color
  in a rose is the result of
• natural selection.
• artificial selection.
• descent with modification.
• overproduction.

92
SB5c. Fossil and Biochemical Evidence

• Fossils of Archaeopteryx show that this
  animal had feathers, like a bird. It also had a
  bony tail, teeth, and claws on its wings, like a
  reptile. These fossils are evidence that support
  the idea that
• A birds and reptiles have a common ancestor
• B birds have changed very little over millions
  of years
• C reptile species are more advanced than bird
  species
• D reptiles are warm-blooded like birds

93
Archaeopteryx
94
SB5c. Fossil and Biochemical Evidence
What is similar and different about the
homologous structures below?
95
SB5c. Fossil and Biochemical Evidence

• They have similar structures of the bones
  that make up the forelimb. However, the three
  forelimbs have different functions.

96
SB5c. Fossil and Biochemical Evidence
Event Estimated Time of Occurrence
Earliest evidence of life 3.5 billion years ago
Paleozoic era begins 545.5 million years ago
first land plants 400.0 million years ago
Triassic period begins 248.0 million years ago
Mesozoic era begins 245.0 million years ago
first mammals and dinosaurs 225.0 million years ago
Jurassic period begins 208.0 million years ago
first birds 150.0 million years ago
Cretaceous period begins 144.0 million years ago
dinosaurs become extinct 65.0 million years ago
Cenozoic era begins 65.0 million years ago
primates appear 60.0 million years ago
human appear 200.0 thousand years ago

• At what point did a catastrophic environmental
  change most likely take place across the planet?
• 65 million years ago
  C. 225 million years ago
• 400 million years ago
  D. 144 million years ago

97
SB5c. Fossil and Biochemical Evidence

• A hummingbird and a humming moth have a
  number of superficial features in common with
  each other, but they do not share a common
  ancestor. This is an example of
• A divergent evolution
• B coevolution
• C convergent evolution
• D superposition

98
SB5c. Fossil and Biochemical Evidence

• Which of the following is
  characteristic of an index fossil?
• Distinctive species
• Lived in a wide geographic range
• Lived for a long period of time
• A I only
• B II only
• C I and II only
• D II and III only
• E I, II, and III

99
SB5c. Fossil and Biochemical Evidence

• In which geologic era do you live?
• Cenozoic
• Mesozoic
• Cambrian
• Precambrian
• Paleozoic

100
SB5c. Fossil and Biochemical Evidence

• The endosymbiotic theory includes all
  of the following EXCEPT?
• Photosynthetic prokaryotes evolved into
  chloroplasts.
• Aerobic prokaryotes evolved into mitochondria.
• All organelles evolved from specialized
  enfoldings of the plasma membrane.
• Eukaryotic cells arose from the merging of
  different prokaryotic organisms.
• Eukaryotic cells are the result of an
  interdependent relationship among different
  organisms.

101
The Endosymbiotic Theory
102
SB5c. Fossil and Biochemical Evidence

• Which of the following is evidence
  for the endosymbiotic theory?
• Mitochondria and chloroplasts contain DNA similar
  to bacterial DNA.
• Mitochondria and chloroplasts contain ribosomes
  that differ from bacterial ribosomes.
• Mitochondria and chloroplasts reproduce by binary
  fission.
• A I only
• B II only
• C I and III only
• D II and III only
• E I, II, and III

103
SB5c. Fossil and Biochemical Evidence

• The half-life of potassium-40 is about
  1300 million years. The age of a fossil that
  contains only one half of its original
  potassium-40 is about
• 1300 million years.
• 26, 000 million years.
• 650 million years.
• 32.5 million years.
• 40 million years.

104
SB5c. Fossil and Biochemical Evidence

• An archeological dig site is most likely the
  working environment of which kind of biologist?
• ecologist
• geneticist
• paleontologist
• molecular biologist

105
SB5c. Fossil and Biochemical Evidence

• Relative dating of fossils is different from
  radioactive dating of fossils because relative
  dating
• requires the use of modern technology.
• can provide a rough estimation of the age of a
  fossil.
• measures changes in fossils according to decaying
  isotopes.
• requires observing the location in which the
  fossil was found.

106
SB5d. Natural Selection

• Although the arctic fox and the kit fox are
  closely related, they look very different because
  the individuals
• A acquired traits during their lifetimes that
  contributed to survival
• B with traits most suited to their environment
  reproduced most successfully
• C migrated long distances to environments that
  most suited their traits
• D passed on to their offspring acquired
  behaviors that were helpful

107
SB5d. Natural Selection

• Differences between the members of a
  population will most likely be passed to future
  generations if they are
• A due to genetic changes and result in
  unfavorable variations
• B due to genetic changes and result in favorable
  variations
• C not due to genetic changes and result in
  unfavorable variations
• D not due to genetic changes and result in
  favorable variations

108
SB5d. Natural Selection

• Which of the following is an example of
  natural selection in bacteria?
• A genetic engineering
• B binary fission
• C antibiotic resistance
• D nitrogen fixation

109
SB5d. Natural Selection

• The genetic information in the DNA of
  humans, chimpanzees, and gorillas is more than
  98 the same. What is the most likely explanation
  for this similarity?
• They evolved from a common ancestor.
• They evolved from each other.
• Their evolution is nearly complete.
• They evolved at the same time.

110
SB5d. Natural Selection

• Islands are the habitats of many of the
  worlds rare species. Which of the following
  factors contributes most to this situation?
• small land area
• genetic isolation
• limited food variety
• Fewer predators

111
SB5d. Natural Selection

• Biochemical analysis uses similarities in
  which of the following as evidence for
  evolutionary relationships?
• amino acid sequence
• bone structure
• cellular architecture
• movement

112
SB5d. Natural Selection

• The Galapagos finches are a group of
  closely related species of birds. Over time,
  specialized beaks have evolved for each species
  in response to mutations and competition for food
  and living space. This is an example of which of
  the following?
• adaptive radiation
  
• coevolution
• convergent evolution
• vestigial structures

113
SB5d. Natural Selection

• Base your answers to the next two questions
  on the diagram below and your knowledge of
  biology.

114
SB5d. Natural Selection

• The only finch that is completely
  carnivorous has a beak adapted for
• probing, only
• Probing and edge crushing
• Probing and biting
• Biting and edge crushing

115
SB5d. Natural Selection

• Which two finches would compete the least
  for food?
• small ground finch and large ground finch
• large ground finch and sharp-billed ground finch
• small tree finch and medium ground finch
• vegetarian finch and small ground finch

116
SB5d. Natural Selection
Monarch
Viceroy

• Two adaptations of the monarch
  butterfly that aid in its survival are the
  production of a certain chemical and a
  distinctive coloration that other animals can
  easily recognize. When a monarch butterfly is
  eaten, the presence of the chemical results in a
  bad taste to the predator.
• Although the viceroy butterfly does not
  contain the chemical that tastes bad to a
  predator, it does resemble the monarch in size,
  shape, and coloration.
• How do the characteristics of the viceroy
  butterfly aid in its survival?

117
SB5e. Biological Resistance

• Some viral diseases require only one
  vaccination, which lasts for years. For other
  diseases such as the flu, vaccinations last only
  one season. The flu vaccine lasts such a short
  time because the flu virus
• A is more easily transmitted than other viruses
• B mutates much more rapidly than other viruses
• C is less dangerous than other viruses
• D is much smaller than other viruses

118
SB5e. Biological Resistance

• A population of bacteria is treated with an
  antibiotic. How will variation in the population
  of bacteria increase the likelihood of survival?
• A It allows all of the bacteria to be resistant
  to the
• antibiotic.
• B It enables the population to increase rapidly.
• C Some of the bacteria may be resistant to the
• antibiotic.
• D The population will be better able to obtain a
  food
• source.

119
SB3c. Evolutionary Classification

• Based on the cladogram below, which
  statement must be true?
• Species 1 and 2 cannot have traits in common
  with Species 3 and 4.
• Species 3 and 4 are found in different
  ecosystems than Species 1 and 2.
• Species 3 is more genetically similar to Species
  4 than to the other species.
• Species 1 has a less direct relationship to the
  common ancestor than the other species.

Species 1 Species 2 Species 3 Species 4 Species 1 Species 2 Species 3 Species 4 Species 1 Species 2 Species 3 Species 4 Species 1 Species 2 Species 3 Species 4 Species 1 Species 2 Species 3 Species 4 Species 1 Species 2 Species 3 Species 4
       
       
       
       
     
     
   
   
 
   
Common Ancestor Common Ancestor
   

120
SB3c. Evolutionary Classification
Which species are most closely related? Write
down your answer and hold for the next question.
Species Sequence of Four Amino Acids Found in the Same Part of the Hemoglobin Molecule of Species
human Lys-Glu-His-Phe
horse Arg-Lys-His-Lys
gorilla Lys-Glu-His-Lys
chimpanzee Lys-Glu-His-Phe
zebra Arg-Lys-His-Arg
121
SB3c. Evolutionary Classification
Which evolutionary tree best represents the
information in the chart on the previous slide?
122
SB3c. Evolutionary Classification
Cladogram 3
123
SB3c. Evolutionary Classification
The chart below contains a number of
characteristics for three different organisms.
The characteristics can be used in classifying
these organisms.
Characteristics Organism A Organism B Organism C
Number of Cells Unicellular Multicellular Unicellular
Type of nutrition Autotrophic Autotrophic Heterotrophic
Nuclear membrane Absent Present Absent
DNA Present Present Present
Which two organisms would be expected to have the
most similar genetic material? Why?
124
SB3c. Evolutionary Classification
Which two organisms would be expected to have the
most similar genetic material? Why?
Characteristics Organism A Organism B Organism C
Number of Cells Unicellular Multicellular Unicellular
Type of nutrition Autotrophic Autotrophic Heterotrophic
Nuclear membrane Absent Present Absent
DNA Present Present Present
Organism A and Organism C are most similar
because they are unicellular and lack nuclear
membranes. Both organisms are prokaryotes.
125
GPS Standards - Organisms

• SB3. Students will derive the relationship
  between single-celled and multi-celled organisms
  and the increasing complexity of systems.
• Explain the cycling of energy through the
  processes of photosynthesis and respiration.
• Compare how structures and function vary between
  the six kingdoms (archaebacteria, eubacteria,
  protists, fungi, plants, and animals).
• Examine the evolutionary basis of modern
  classification systems.
• Compare and contrast viruses with living
  organisms.

126
Photosynthesis
127
Photosynthesis

• The function of chlorophyll in a light reaction
  is to
• A bind CO2 to H2O
• B split to produce O2
• C trap light energy
• D act as a source of CO2

128
Photosynthesis

• Photosynthesis takes place in the
• A mitochondria of eukaryotic cells
• B nucleoid of prokaryotic cells
• C chloroplasts of plant cells
• D centrioles of animal cells

129
Photosynthesis

• What are the stages of photosynthesis?
• A light-dependent reactions and light-independent
  reactions (Calvin Cycle)
• B glycolysis and Krebs Cycle
• C electron transport chain and Calvin Cycle
• D light-dependent reactions and Krebs Cycle

130
Photosynthesis

• What are the reactants of photosynthesis?
• 6CO2 6H2O light ? C6H12O6 6O2
• A carbon dioxide and water
• B oxygen and water
• C glucose and oxygen
• D glucose and carbon dioxide

131
Photosynthesis3

• Based on the summary equation for
  photosynthesis shown below, which of the
  following is produced by the reaction?
• 6CO2 6H2O light ? C6H12O6 6O2
• A CO2
• B H2O
• C light
• D C6H12O6

132
Photosynthesis

• What are the products of photosynthesis?
• 6CO2 6H2O light ? C6H12O6 6O2
• A carbon dioxide and water
• B oxygen and water
• C glucose and oxygen
• D glucose and carbon dioxide

133
Photosynthesis

• If light is permanently removed from a plant
• A the light reaction could not take place
• B sugars would not be made
• C oxygen would not be released
• D all of the above

134
Respiration
36
2
2
135
Respiration

• In glycolysis, the first stage of cellular
  respiration, ATP molecules are produced.
• What is the net gain of ATP molecules (per
  molecule of glucose) from glycolysis?
• A 1
• B 2
• C 4
• D 36

136
Respiration

• Fermentation, anaerobic respiration, occurs
  when
• A light is absorbed by the chloroplast.
• B oxygen is present during respiration.
• C light is absent.
• D oxygen is not present during respiration.

137
Respiration1

• Complex molecules are broken down during
  cellular respiration and converted into smaller
  molecules containing energy. What are these
  complex molecules called?
• A proteins
• B enzymes
• C nucleic acids
• D carbohydrates

138
Respiration1

• What do glycolysis, the Kreb Cycle, and the
  electron transport chain have in common?
• A the production of ATP
• B the process of trapping solar energy
• C the occurrence of each within mitochondria
• D the process of breaking down sugar molecules

139
Respiration

• Respiration takes place in the
• A mitochondria of eukaryotic cells
• B nucleoid of prokaryotic cells
• C chloroplasts of plant cells
• D centrioles of animal cells

140
Respiration1

• What is formed during photosynthesis and
  broken down during cellular respiration?
• A water
• B glucose
• C lactic acid
• D carbon dioxide

141
Respiration

• What are the stages of respiration?
• A light-dependent reactions and light-independent
  reactions (Calvin Cycle)
• B glycolysis, Krebs Cycle, and electron
  transport chain
• C Krebs Cycle, electron transport chain, and
  Calvin Cycle
• D glycolygis, light-dependent reactions and
  Krebs Cycle

142
Respiration7

• Cellular respiration is carried out by which
  of the following?
• A all living organisms all of the time
• B animals but not plants
• C animals all of the time but plants only at
  night
• D heterotrophs but not autotrophs

143
Respiration7

• Which of the following processes releases the
  most ATP per molecule of glucose for immediate
  cell use?
• A aerobic respiration
• B anaerobic respiration
• C chemosynthesis
• D photosynthesis

144
Respiration7

• Two students set up the following apparatus in
  a lab. A pipette was filled with a mixture of
  yeast and apple juice and inverted in a test tube
  filled with warm water. The students observed
  bubbles being released from the end of the
  pipette Which of the following most likely
  represents the gas being released?
• A carbon dioxide
• B hydrogen peroxide
• C oxygen
• D nitrogen

145
Organisms

• One main difference between members of the
  Kingdoms Plantae and Animalia is the ability to
• A obtain energy
• B reproduce
• C move
• D exchange gases

146
Organisms

• What aspect of the structure of viruses is
  similar to all living things?
• microscopic size
• absence of nuclei
• presence of nucleic acid
• requirement of a host cell or body

147
Organisms

• A group of prokaryotes that live in
• extreme environments are the
• A viruses
• B protists
• C eubacteria
• D archaebacteria

148
Organisms

• Yeast, a common fungus, is economically
  important to the beverage industry because when
  placed in grape juice, it
• releases sugars that react with alcohol in the
  juice.
• acts as an enzyme to break down juice into
  alcohol.
• ferments carbohydrates in the juice and releases
  alcohol.
• produces starch that bonds with juice sugars to
  form alcohol.

149
Organisms

• The complexity of body systems differs greatly
  among organisms. Which of the following organisms
  has developed organ systems for obtaining and
  utilizing energy?
• A bacterium
• B mushroom
• C mouse
• D virus

150
Organisms

• The presence of vertebrae is found in which
  kingdom?
• Plantae
• Protista
• Archaea
• Animalia

151
Organisms

• Which statement is true about viruses?
• A They can reproduce.
• B They are autotrophs.
• C They contain organelles.
• D They are living organisms.

152
Organisms

• As compared to bacteria and eukaryote, species
  of archaea are considered to be the most
• A ancient.
• B massive.
• C complex.
• D common.

153
Organisms

• Scientists have discovered a new species of
  animal. Which would provide the best basis for
  classifying this new species?
• A DNA comparison
• B diet of animal
• C habitat of animal
• D appearance of animal

154
Organisms

• Why is it important for the cells of
  multi-cellular organisms to undergo mitosis?
• A Mitosis allows for reproduction with male and
  female gametes.
• B Mitosis increases variation within an organism.
• C Mitosis produces cells that are different from
  the original dividing cell.
• D Mitosis produces identical cells to the
  original dividing cell.

155
GPS Standards - Ecology

• SB4. Students will assess the dependence of
  all organisms on one another and the flow of
  energy and matter within their ecosystems.
• Investigate the relationships among organisms,
  populations, communities, ecosystems, and biomes.
• Explain the flow of matter and energy through
  ecosystems by
• Arranging components of a food chain according to
  energy flow.
• Comparing the quantity of energy in the steps of
  an energy pyramid.
• Explaining the need for cycling of major
  nutrients (C, O, H, N, P).
• Relate environmental conditions to successional
  changes in ecosystems.
• Assess and explain human activities that
  influence and modify the environment such as
  global warming, population growth, pesticide use,
  and water and power consumption.
• Relate plant adaptations, including tropisms, to
  the ability to survive stressful environmental
  conditions.
• Relate animal adaptations, including behaviors,
  to the ability to survive stressful environmental
  conditions.

156
Ecology - Ecosystem

• What is NOT an abiotic factor is an
  ecosystem?
• microorganisms
• light
• temperature
• rainfall
• pH

157
Ecology - Ecosystem

• What defines a species niche?
• Abiotic factors
• Biotic factors
• Food web
• I only
• III only
• I and III only
• II and III only
• I, II, and III

158
Ecology - Ecosystem

• An example of a biotic factor in the
  ecosystem shown below is
• the Sun.
• the soil.
• the water.
• the plants.

159
Ecology - Ecosystem

• In which marine zone are you likely to
  find algae growing?
• Intertidal zone
• Photic zone
• Aphotic zone
• I only
• II only
• I and II only
• II and III only
• I, II, and III

160
Ecology - Ecosystem

• The water in an estuary is
• salt water only.
• poor in nutrients.
• fresh water only.
• in the aphotic zone.
• a mixture of fresh water and salt water.

161
Ecology - Ecosystem

• Which organism in the aquatic food web
  below gets energy directly from the Sun?
• krill
• baleen whale
• phytoplankton
• both krill and the baleen whale

162
Ecology -