ECONOMIC-TERRITORIAL FIRMS AGGLOMERATIONS: ANALYSIS OF THE IMPACT OF PUBLIC POLICIES ADDRESSED TO SUSTAIN THE DEVELOPMENT AND THE TECHNOLOGICAL INNOVATION IN THE COUNTRIES

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• ECONOMIC-TERRITORIAL FIRMS AGGLOMERATIONS
  ANALYSIS OF THE IMPACT OF PUBLIC POLICIES
  ADDRESSED TO SUSTAIN THE DEVELOPMENT AND THE
  TECHNOLOGICAL INNOVATION IN THE COUNTRIES

PhD Thesis Program of Serena Novero
Doctorate in Economy and Management of Technology
- University of Bergamo Ceris - Cnr, Torino
www.ceris.cnr.it
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• Preliminary remarks
• New increasing attention to agglomeration
  phenomenos due to the competitiveness in national
  and international markets need of make a
  system to contrast it
• Attention to networks in their different types,
  characteristics, way of development, points of
  strenght and weakness, role in innovation
  production
• In Italy Industrial and Technological Districts
  (Marshall, 1890 Antonelli, 1986)
• In the world Perroux Poles (1955-71) Clusters
  (Porter, 1990) Milieu Innovateur (Camagni,
  Cappellin,Brenner, 2000) Networks Poles de
  Compétitivité (2005)
• SMEs, Big firms, Centre of research, Public
  Bodies, spread know-how, skilled workers

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Element of success ability of cohesion and
collaboration among them

• Important rule in territorial performances rise
  of territorial specificities and innovations in
  products and processes
• Research Question 1
• Differences among economic agglomerations, in
  particulary between districts and clusters the
  role and the relationship with the areas of
  location the topic has been only
  partially treated

• Paper 1
• Economic-territorial agglomerations of
  enterprises typologies, definitions,
  characteristics, comparison

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• Paper 1

• Storical excursus of the teories of economic
  agglomerations birth of the different
  agglomeration typologies, their evolutions and
  their diversification
• Importance of technological innovation in TD,
  poles and clusters and their role in it

• Huggins R., 2001
• Krugman P., 1991
• M.Lazzeroni, 2001-2004
• Lorenzen E., Maskell P.,2004
• Lorenzoni G., 1990
• Markusen, A., 1996,
• Marshall A., 1890-1920
• Maskell P., 2001
• Mills E.S., 1992

• Ozcan S., 2004
• Patrono A.,2002
• Piccaluga A., 2002-2003
• Porter, M.E., 1990-2000
• Rullani E.,1997
• Sforzi, F., 1990-2002
• Storper M.,, 1992

• P.Aydalot,1986
• C.Antonelli, 1986-2003
• G.Becattini, 1991-2000
• F.Belussi, 2002
• H.Bennett, 1992
• Bergman E., Feser E., 1999
• Bottazzi G., Dosi G., Fagiolo G., 2002

• Brenner T., 2000-2001
• Callegati E., Grandi S., 2005
• Cavallo C., 2002
• Cesaroni, 2003
• Cooke P.,1998-2006
• Dümmler Patrick, 2003
• Guerrieri P., Pietrobelli C., 2001
• Harrison B.

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• Territorial transitions and life cycles of
  districts phenomenons have been recognized
• Necessity of a public intervention

• Research Question 2
• Which is the innovation policies impact on
  economic/territorial agglomerations? And which
  are the most important points of these
  collaborations? How public policies have to work
  to gain positive results?

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• Paper 2 Technological districts and innovation
  TT policies and processes, methods and measures
  of valuation of public actions, analysis of the
  impact of public policies made to their support
  The case of Canavese

• Centrality of knowledges and innovations
  (territorially localized)
• Innovation and Technological Transfer policies
  the solution for innovation problems of firms?
• Strategic variable for SMEs
• First responsable of success or failure of the
  policy actions made
• Foundamental for innovative knowledges diffusion
• Different in dissimilar ambits
• Transfer the knowledges in the space new
  variable a field of stregths
• Characteristics, subjects and channels envolved

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Channels of communication - a network among
the econimic actors - public bodies and
structures Technological intermediaryTT
could be - formal patents, licences,
spinn-off, RD collaborations, join ventures,
mergers, consortia - informal direct contacts

• Subjects sources, interfaces, users importance
  of relationship among them

• Different methods of transmission
• Tacit knowledges undirect way (services)
  firms
• Esplicit knowledges direct way (texts,
  workshops,patents) institute
  of research

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Address of TT - Market oriented active TT
because it creates financial fees in the Centre
of research involved measured in units of
money - Education oriented it produces
benefits in the long time for the receiving
social system, it increas the level of
knowledges measured with the n of courses,
students, doctorate, etc..

• Methods and measures of impact of innovation
  policies?
• Analysis of a tangible case how the development
  of technological district of Canavese has been
  supported - The story of the area

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THE CANAVESE AREA

• In the north-west of Italy, in Piedmont, at north
  of Turin

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The snapshot of Canavese in the nineties

• The firms 1 Big Firm Olivetti, 1908 - Ivrea
  
• 290 High-Tech SMEs of informatic, elettronic
  semimanufactured and ICT products or services
• December 1993
• Province of Turin
• Commune of Ivrea
• Association of Industrial Managers of Canavese
• Founded Consortium for the Technological
  District
• of Canavese (CTDC - www.canavese.to.it)
• The innovative 5 Centres of Competence
  Cellular Sheet
• services of TT Laser
• Mechanical engineering
• Microsystems
• Metal Pressing

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THE CTDC PROJECTS

• T.S. (Tecnologia Sviluppo) CANAVESE July 1999
  September 2001
• PIA (Progetti Integrati dArea) 01 July 2003
  May 2005
• PIA 02 May 2004 December 2005
• PIA 03 August 2004 December 2005
• DIADI January 2004 December 2006
• CF 2 October 2005 March 2008

• The objective of each project was to give a
  significative impulse to the technological,
• economic and social development of the
  manufacturing industry of the area,
• supporting the rise of the competitiveness and of
  the employment in the local SMEs

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The technical services (described in a technical
way) given to Canavese High Tech firms in the
projects

• A Planning and making machineries
• B Metallographic analysis for problems rise
  during the welding
• C Use of laser technology
• D Analyses and advices
• E Certification of the products
• F Use of the laboratories and services that the
  Centre supply
• G Studies of fattibility
• H Others different collaboration in the future

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The firms definited with ATECO - ISTAT
activities code
25 - Plastic and rubber manufactures 45 Constructions
26 - Mineral not metalliferous products 50 - Motor vahicle commerce, maintenance and repair
27 Metallurgy 51 Wholesale trade and intermediaries
28 - Metal products manufactures (machineries and systems excluded) 52 - Retail commerce
29 - Mechanical machineries manufactures 64 - Post and telecommunications
30 - Manufacture of typewrites, PC and informatic systems 70 - Estate activities equipment
31 - Manufacture of machineries and elettric products 72 Informatic and connected activities
32 Manufacture of broadcasting and communication apparatus 74 Test and technical analyses of products
33 Manufacture of precision medical apparatus, optical instruments and watches 92 Cultural and sports activities and Equipment
34 - Cars, trailers and semi-trailers fabbrication 92 Cultural and sports activities and Equipment
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Valuation of their impact - The method
(Antonelli, 2005)Balance sheets data,
comparison with the area as a whole (index) and
probit models

• Y Balance sheet performances (sales, ROI,
  G.O.M.)

X12 Results and possible developments X13
Processes or products modifications, patents X14
Projects execution X15 Further
developments X16 Technological Status of each
firm, before and after the collaborations X17
Technological level and utility interventions X18
Their impact in the production X17
Relationships with the Centre X18 if new
employments have been done or are
preview X19 if new opportunity of work are rised
X1 ATECO code of activity of the firm X2 Size
of the firm (number of employeers) X3 Gross
Operative Margin (GOM A.V. - salaries
wages) X4 Sales X5 Profit X6 GOM / Sales X7
ROS, ROI, ROE X8 existing technological
problems X9 Centre of Competence involved X10
Objectives of the collaborations (A-H) X11
Feasibility studies
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SOME RESULTS..
ATECO Code Employment Employment Balance sheets variations 2001 / 2004 Balance sheets variations 2001 / 2004
ATECO Code Rate of Growth 2001 /2004 Rate of growth 2003 / 2004 Better Worse
25 6,5 67,3 1 1
27 -1,7 90,3 2  
28 4,5 40,1 8 5
29 -0,2 27,5 11 11
30 -4,6 -1,6 8 2
31 6,0 12,7 2 2
32 25,0 5,3 2 1
33 12,0 2,0 1 1
34 42,8 -22,3 3 3
45 -32,0      
50 37,8 -42,3 2  
51 27,5 45,7 4 1
52 -11,1      
72 2,9 0,5 11 4
74 37,8 14,1 6  
92 37,8 -42,3 1  
Medium 12 14 59,4 40,6

• Probability of success of an innovative project
  62
• Larger firms answer better to innovation
• Previous high technological status has a big
  weight
• Types and high technical quality of the
  collaborations are also very important
• Firms belonging to the sectors 28, 29, 30 and 72
  have had a bigger economic growth and have
  required mostly the collaborations C and D.
• Firms of sectors 25, 27, 28 and 51 have had a
  better evolution of employment.
• Collaborations B, C, D and E have given a good
  result for the increase of the employment

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COLLABORATIONS
Types of Collaborations Types of Collaborations Frequency Better Worse Employed
A Planning and making machineries 3,4 3,6 6,9
B Metallographic analysis for problems rise during the welding 3,4 4 29,2
C Use of laser technology 22,4 18 25 27,1
D Analyses and advices by technics 24,1 24 21,4 28,1
E Certification of the products 8,6 12 7,1 50,6
F Use of the laboratories and services that the centre supply 8,6 12 7,1 17,6
G Studies of fattibility 10,3 8 21,4 -11,1
H Others different collaboration in the future 19 22 14,3 59,4
TOTAL TOTAL 100 100 100 100
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Collab. Technical level and utility Technical level and utility Technical level and utility
Collab. High Medium Low
A 1
B
C 6 3
D 7 2
E 2 2
F 2
G 6 3 1
H 4 1
Productive effects in the firms Productive effects in the firms Productive effects in the firms
Good Medium Nothing


2 3
4 1
2
1
1 1 3
2 1
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• It(.) f (collabt) f (relationshipt)
  f(serv.typologyt) f(locationt)
  f(feasibilityt) f(projectt) vt
• Bt(.) f (ATECOt) f (sizet) f (salest) f
  (profitt) f (tech.problemst) f (collabt)
  f (tech.statust) f(serv.typologyt) wt

Innovativeness

• ?

Balance sheet
Collaborations
Services typologies
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• Research Question 3
• How enterprises in economical territorial
  agglomerations of others UE Countries have been
  supported by public interventions finalized to
  their innovation?
• and which have been their impacts?
• International comparison with the French case

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PAPER 3 AN INTERNATIONAL CONFRONTATION FROM
LPS (Local Productive Systems) TO CP (Competition
Poles), FRENCH POLICIES GENESIS AND EVOLUTION

• French Poles de Compétitivité points of strength
  and weakness
• Policies and the governance management followed
  by the regional governments International
  comparison
• Their impacts effects on technological
  innovation, creation and diffusion of knowledges,
  abilities and technologies, training of skilled
  employeers, spillovers
• Results on firms balance sheets

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Conclusions

• Determination of typologies of interventions
  useful to substain technology innovation and to
  support firms development, competitiveness and
  networking. All that to

• Cut down the costs
• Favour a fast circulations of ideas and projects
• Allow the development of the areas

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Thank you for the attention!
Serena Novero