SELF-TEST

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SELF-TEST

• Why do people commit crime? Brainstorm reasons
  for criminal behavior based on these three
  catagories
• Social
• Economic
• Biological

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Nature vs. Nurture debate
Well you look like a duck, quack like a duck
but.Who brought you up?
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What do people become criminals?NATURE vs.
NURTURE

• NATURE Criminals are born, not made
• Biological Theories Genetic or Physiological
  make-up leads to criminal behavior.
• Personality Theories certain types inclined to
  crime
• NURTURE Social Learning learned criminal
  ways Cultural Transmission Theory

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• NATURE THEORIES
• About what makes someone a Criminal

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Old School nature theories about criminals

• Cesare Lombroso (1876) criminals are a separate
  species.
• Theory shape of the head and face determined the
  "born criminal".

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CRIMINAL HEADS ACCORDING TO LOMBROSO
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CRIMINAL BODY TYPE???
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ACTUAL CRIMINALS SMALLISH HEADS?
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• Another Old School NATURE Theory
• William Sheldon Body types determined
  criminality.
• Endomorphic (fat ) sociable and relaxed.
• Ectomorphic (thin) are introverted and
  restrained. LEAST LIKELY TO BE CRIMINALS
• Mesomorphic CRIMINAL (muscular and aggressive)
  .
• IDENTIFY SOME FLAWS IN THIS THEORY?

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Neurophysiological causes
NATURE MODERN THEORIES

• PET (brain) scans done on impulsive killers
  showed Damage in the pre-frontal cortex, which
  controls impulsive behavior.
• http//www.youtube.com/watch?vTtOQnM3LQkE
  Charles Whitman sniper

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Neurochemical

• The brains chemistry can be influenced by
  diet, food additives, or pollution.
• The TWINKIE DEFENSE A psychiatrist claimed that
  a poor diet could intensify mood swings as part
  of diminished mental capacity.

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Neurochemical

• STEROIDS? Can the abuse of steroids, which
  increase testosterone levels, can cause people to
  become extremely violent? ("roid rage").
• NO direct link between steroids and violence has
  not been made.
• http//www.youtube.com/watch?vhN7rf4Mm1QA

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Twin studies Genetic influence on crime

• IDENTICAL TWINS (same genes and gender) that have
  been separated at birth and brought up separately
  have been studied
• The degree of similarity between two twins is
  known as the concordance rate.
• This rate was compared with FRATERNAL twins who
  are brought up separately
• Concordance rate for IDENTICAL twins 55
• FRATERNAL twins 17

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Psychopaths and Sociopaths

• SIMILARITIES Both are dangerous, impulsive, and
  criminally minded
• Both have definable mental disorders
• PRIMARY DIFFERENCE
• Generally Speaking
• PSYCHOPATHS ARE BORN (NATURE)
• SOCIOPATHS ARE MADE (NURTURE)

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• Sociopaths (NURTURE)
• Are capable of EMPATHY and can form meaningful
  personal relationships
• Common sociological factors such as
• Abused as children,
• running with the wrong crowd,
• Poverty
• Parents are criminals / neglectful
• Personal Characteristics
• Easy to spot socially inadequate, agitated,
  dont fit in, spontaneous ill-thought-out crimes

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• Psychopaths (NATURE)

• Psychopaths show some of these characteristics
• More organized in crimes
• Less easily recognized appear normal
• Cunning / ability to deceive / manipulative
• Superficially charming
• Lack of EMPATHY
• Lack of REMORSE / SHAME
• Takes pleasure in the suffering of others
  (including family)
• Flat affect (do not display emotion / fake
  emotion)
• Extreme Narcissism

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Mental Disorders related to Psychopathy (and to a
lesser degree SOCIOPATHS)

• 1. CONDUCT DISORDER (diagnosed before age 15)
• Criteria
• lack of adherence to social norms (bullies,
  threatens, fights).
• Physically cruel to others
• Animal Cruelty
• Has forced someone into sexual activity
• Setting fires to cause harm and damage
• Lies, cheats, steals

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• 2. ANTISOCIAL PERSONALITY DISORDER
• Diagnosed over age18
• frequent diagnosis of serial killers, rapists,
  thrill killers
• CRITERIA
• Violates norms (repeatedly arrested)
• Lies, deceives for profit or pleasure
• Impulsivity
• Irritability and aggressiveness
• Reckless disregard for safety of self or others
• Irresponsibility (work, repayment of debts)
• lack of remorse, indifferent to the suffering of
  others

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Self-Test

• What is the difference between a psychopath and a
  sociopath?
• What diagnosis must have been made to be labeled
  Antisocial Personality Disorder?
• What is the difference between a ORGANIZED and
  DISORGANIZED serial killer?

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Serial Killers

• Murder three or more victims, but each is killed
  on separate occasions
• usually select their victims
• cooling off periods between murders
• plan their crimes carefully

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Serial Killers

• Most serial killers will fall into a pattern
  modus operandi (method), location, victim type,
  motive, etc.
• The patterns of activities often allow police to
  apprehend the killer.
• Serial killers are often described as normal,
  very chatty and a good neighbor.

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Serial Killers

• Typical serial Killers are
• Predominantly male
• White
• Within their twenties or thirties
• Middle class
• Kill within their ethnic group

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Types of serial killers (patterns)Organized

• Characteristics
• Socially competent (may lead a normal life)
• Intelligent
• Planner
• Generally targets strangers
• Uses restraints
• Has sex with their victims
• Follows their crimes in the media
• Returns to scene
• Very difficult to catch

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Types of serial killers (patterns)Disorganized

• Characteristics
• Socially immature
• May know victims
• Kills spontaneously
• Often sexually inhibited
• Harsh childhood discipline.
• Lives alone
• Sloppy crime scene / evidence present
• Shows little interest in the media
• Easier to catch than the organized killer

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Women who commit Crime

• Men commit about 80 of all Crime / 93 of all
  murders
• Why do women commit so few murders?
• Theory Womens orbital frontal region of the
  brain larger in women more ability to control
  aggression.

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Women serial killers RAREPsychopathy
Anti-Social Personality Disorder RARE IN WOMEN

• 1. Angel of Mercy / Death Nurses or health
  care workers who kill their patients
• 2. Mothers Münchausen syndrome by proxy
  Deliberately cause injury or illness to another
  person (most often his or her child / 90 WOMEN),
  to gain attention or some other benefit.
• 3. BLACK WIDOWS Husband murders favorite
  method Poisoning

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Freud
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Freud Criminals are like Children

• Children should progress from
• Pleasure principle (id need instant
  gratification)
• Reality principle (where the ego / self control
  is dominant).
• . Freud stable home environment necessary to
  make the transition.
• Research has supported the fact that most
  criminals come from unstable homes.

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Child abuse and Crime

• Abused or neglected children 59 more likely to
  be arrested as a juvenile
• One study showed 76 of the serial rapists were
  abused when young.
• Only about 10 of abused children go on to commit
  crimes.

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Juvenile Delinquency

• Many Juvenile offenders are diagnosed with
  CONDUCT DISORDER
• Causes of juvenile delinquency
• Poor parenting / upbringing
• Psychological disorders
• Low intelligence
• Every state makes their own rules with regard to
  who is a juvenile

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Juvenile Courts

• Juvenile courts are less formal than adult courts
• Early JDs were sent to REFORM SCHOOL a type
  of prison school for troubled kids
• Their goal was to REHABILITATE not PUNISH
• Goal of Juvenile Justice
• Diversion keeping juveniles from becoming adult
  criminals by
• Counseling
• Parental Release

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Landmark Court Cases regarding Juveniles

• In Re Gault (1967)
• 15 year old boy (Gault) is arrested for making
  lewd phone calls
• Held by the police, questioned, and sentenced (6
  years!) with no trial or input from his parents
• Supreme Court Juveniles have the same rights as
  adults!
• Right to counsel
• Right to confront your accusers
• Right to remain Silent

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Roper v. Simmons (2005)

• Supreme Court rules defendants under the age of
  18 cannot be executed
• Violates the CRUEL AND UNUSUAL punishment
  prohibition of the 8th Amendment.

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New Jersey

• Agency
• NJ Juvenile Justice Commission
• Emphasizes accountability and offers programs to
  create independent, productive and law abiding
  citizens.
• DIVERSION Goal is to avoid incarceration
• Top Juvenile crime in NJ Robbery
• Juveniles 59 of Arson arrests

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Bringing down organized Crime

• R.I.C.O

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R.I.C.O

• Racketeer Influenced and Corrupt Organizations
  Act
• 1970 RICO created to break up organized crime
  THE MAFIA
• MAFIA bosses did not ever directly commit crime.
  HOW DO YOU PROSECUTE THEM?
• Charge them under RICO
• Today RICO is used to prosecute any group that
  act illegally.