Intelligence, Cognition, Language Mods 28-32

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Intelligence, Cognition, LanguageMods 28-32

• HOW DO YOU DETERMINE HOW INTELLIGENT A PERSON
  IS?

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A few quotes on Intelligence

• the capacity for knowledge, and knowledge
  possessed Henmon 1921
• the capacity to learn or to profit by
  experience Dearborn 1921
• a global concept that involves an individuals
  ability to act purposefully, think rationally,
  and deal effectively with the environment
  Wechsler 1958
• Intelligence is what you do when you dont know
  what to do Unknown Thursday, July 15,
  1942 536 PM

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Essential Questions

• Is intelligence one, general ability or several,
  specific abilities?
• Is intelligence inherited or learned?
• Are intelligence tests valid measures of mental
  ability?

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What makes a good athlete?

• Is it.?
• Strength
• Power
• Speed --

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• Quickness
• Aggressiveness
• Agility
• Endurance
• The Epitome of Athleticism?
  http//www.youtube.com/watch?vRubpESZgosM

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Multiple Intelligences Theory Howard Gardner

• Gardner has identified 8 (9) Intelligences
• Verbal/Linguistic Reading, writing,
  storytelling etc.
• Logical/Mathematical Numbers, reasoning,
  problem solving.
• Visual/Spatial Drawing, creating, imagining,
  visualizing.
• Ex. Alonzo Clemmons
• http//www.youtube.com/watch?v8w13NNU6oNQ
• Musical/Rhythmic Singing, playing instruments,
  producing music.
• Bodily/Kinesthetic Physical activities, body
  language, movement, athleticism.

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Multiple Intel. Contd

• Naturalistic Loves and understands the
  outdoors, animals, nature.
• Interpersonal Understanding people,
  communicating with groups or individuals.
• Intrapersonal Self-understanding, follows
  instincts, originality.
• Existential Philosophical, meaning of life

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Any MENSA candidates in the house?

• http//www.mensa.org/index0.php?page12

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Definition of Intelligence

• INTELLIGENCE IS DEFINED AS THE ABILITY TO
  UNDERSTAND AND ADAPT TO THE ENVIRONMENT BY USING
  A COMBINATION OF INHERITED ABILITIES AND LEARNING
  EXPERIENCES

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Testing Intelligence

• If you were the head of the CIA and needed to
  recruit the best and brightest in the country,
  how would you measure intelligence? What would
  your test include?
• Alfred Binet French psychologist who was a
  pioneer of intelligence testing
• Measured a childs Mental Age the chronological
  age that typically corresponds to a given level
  of performance

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Flexible Thinking

• The words in each group have a single word in
  common associated with them. The object is to
  find that word. For example, if the words were
  shake, cow, and carton, the common element is
  milk (milkshake, cow milk and milk carton.
• BALL HOME NAVAL
• STREAM GOOSE TOWN
• DANCE LADDER DOOR
• DOG PEPPER ROD
• SAND MOUSE DOOR
• BALL SHAKE LOTION
• PUFF WHIPPED ICE
• BOWLING CUSHION HAIR
• SUN BULB SKY
• WRENCH STOVE LINE

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• WILLIAM STERN A GERMAN PSYCHOLOGIST DERIVED
  THE FAMOUS MEASURE OF IQ INTELLIGENCE QUOTIENT.
• FORMULA FOR IQ
• IQ IS A PERSONS MENTAL AGE DIVIDED BY THEIR
  CHRONOLOGICAL AGE, AND MULTIPLIED BY 100 (TO GET
  RID OF THE DECIMAL POINT)
• EX. A CHILD WITH THE SAME MENTAL AND
  CHRONOLOGICAL AGE HAS AN IQ OF 100
• EX. AN 8-YEAR-OLD WHO ANSWERS QUESTIONS LIKE A
  10-YEAR-OLD, HAS AN IQ OF 125
• IQ IS NOT USED VERY OFTEN ANYMORE ONE OF THE
  MOST COMMON REASONS IS THAT IS DOESNT WORK VERY
  WELL FOR ADULTS THE INTELLIGENCE TESTS USED
  TODAY PRODUCE A MENTAL ABILITY SCORE BASED ON THE
  TESTTAKERS PERFORMANCE RELATIVE TO THE AVERAGE
  PERFORMANCE OF OTHERS THE SAME AGE DEVIATION IQ
  
• http//www.youtube.com/watch?vsaqskTrAQ3Qfeature
  related

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Modern Tests of Mental Abilities

• APTITUDE TESTS DESIGNED TO MEASURE OR PREDICT
  YOUR ABILITY OR POTENTIAL TO LEARN NEW SKILLS OR
  INFORMATION
• ACHIEVEMENT TESTS INTENDED TO REFLECT WHAT YOU
  HAVE LEARNED
• EX. SATs vs. FINAL EXAMS
• DIFFICULT TO DISTINGUISH BECAUSE ONES
  POTENTIAL IS OFTEN INFLUENCED BY THEIR
  EXPERIENCES

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Wechsler Adult Intelligence ScaleWechsler
Intelligence Scale for ChildrenWechsler
Preschool and Primary Scale of Intelligence

• WECHSLER ADULT INTELLIGENCE SCALE (WAIS) THE
  MOST WIDELY USED INTELLIGENCE TEST TODAY
  CONSISTS OF 15 SUB-TESTS. CONTAINS SEPARATE
  VERBAL AND NON-VERBAL (PERFORMANCE) SECTIONS
• A DRAMATIC DIFFERENCE BETWEEN THE TWO SCORES MAY
  ALERT THE EXAMINER TO POSSIBLE LEARNING
  DIFFICULTIES

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PRINCIPLES OF TEST CONSTRUCTION

• IN ORDER TO BE ACCEPTED, PSYCHOLOGICAL TESTS MUST
  MEET THREE CRITERIA. TESTS MUST BE
• STANDARDIZED
• RELIABLE
• VALID

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STANDARDIZATION

• SIMPLY KNOWING HOW MANY QUESTIONS THAT YOU GOT
  CORRECT ON AN INTELLIGENCE TEST WOULD TELL YOU
  ALMOST NOTHING. IN ORDER TO EVALUATE YOUR
  PERFORMANCE, YOU WOULD NEED A BASIS FOR COMPARING
  IT TO THE PERFORMANCE OF OTHER INDIVIDUALS.
• THE TEST MUST BE ADMINISTERED TO A REPRESENTATIVE
  SAMPLE OF PEOPLE AND THEN THE SCORES SHOULD BE
  COMPARED.
• A RANDOM GROUP OF TEST RESULTS TYPICALLY FORMS
  A NORMAL DISTRIBUTION

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RELIABILITY

• A GOOD TEST MUST YIELD DEPENDABLY CONSISTENT
  SCORES. IN ORDER TO CHECK FOR RELIABILITY,
  RESEARCHERS RETEST PEOPLE USING THE SAME TEST (OR
  A DIFFERENT FORM OF IT).
• IF THE TWO SCORES GENERALLY AGREE, OR CORRELATE,
  THE TEST IS GENERALLY CONSIDERED TO BE RELIABLE.

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VALIDITY

• A TEST IS VALID IF IT MEASURES WHAT IT IS
  SUPPOSED TO MEASURE, OR PREDICTS WHAT IT IS
  SUPPOSED TO PREDICT
• EX. A ROAD TEST MEASURES TASKS THAT YOU
  ROUTINELY PERFORM WHILE DRIVING

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• FACTOR ANALYSIS A STATISTICAL METHOD THAT
  ALLOWS RESEARCHERS TO IDENTIFY CLUSTERS OF ITEMS
  ON TESTS THAT MEASURE A COMMON ABILITY
• EX. SOMEONE WHO SCORES WELL ON MATH TESTS WILL
  PROBABLY DO WELL ON SPATIAL TASKS
• GENERAL INTELLIGENCE G Charles Spearman
• INDIVIDUALS THAT SCORE HIGH ON ONE FACTOR SUCH AS
  VERBAL INTELLIGENCE, OFTEN SCORE HIGHER THAN
  AVERAGE ON OTHER FACTORS SUCH AS SPATIAL OR
  REASONING ABILITIES.

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Food for thought

• Is intelligence just speedy information
  processing?
• Does intelligence remain stable, or does it
  change during ones life?
• Researchers have tried it all
• Unable to talk with infants, researchers have
  tried everything from birth weight to head
  circumference to whether the 3rd toe was longer
  than the 2nd to the age of sitting up alone
• http//www.youtube.com/watch?vxNvvL9j_SIsfeature
  related

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Extremes of Intelligence -

• TO BE LABELED AS MENTALLY RETARDED, A CHILD MUST
  HAVE BOTH A LOW IQ SCORE (BELOW 70) AND
  DIFFICULTY ADAPTING TO THE NORMAL DEMANDS OF
  LIVING INDEPENDENTLY
• ONLY ABOUT ONE PERCENT OF THE POPULATION MEETS
  BOTH CRITERIA, WITH MALES OUTNUMBERING FEMALES BY
  50 PERCENT
• MOST MENTALLY CHALLENGED INDIVIDUALS CAN LIVE IN
  MAINSTREAM SOCIETY
• SEVERE MENTAL RETARDATION A CHARACTERISTIC OF
  ONLY 4 PERCENT OF THE MENTALLY RETARDED
  POPULATION USUALLY RESULTS FROM KNOWN PHYSICAL
  CAUSES SUCH AS DOWN SYNDROME (CAUSED BY AN EXTRA
  CHROMOSOME)

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Extremes of Intelligence -

• GIFTED INDIVIDUALS INDIVIDUALS WITH IQ SCORES
  OF HIGHER THAN 135
• CONTRARY TO POPULAR MYTH, INTELLECTUALLY GIFTED
  INDIVIDUALS ARE HEALTHY, WELL-ADJUSTED, AND
  ACADEMICALLY SUCCESSFUL
• Smart http//www.youtube.com/watch?vDhrfhjLd9e4

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CREATIVITY AND INTELLIGENCE

• CREATIVITY THE ABILITY TO PRODUCE IDEAS THAT
  ARE BOTH NOVEL AND VALUABLE WILL VARY FROM
  CULTURE TO CULTURE
• TYPICALLY, EXCEPTIONALLY CREATIVE ARCHITECTS,
  SCIENTISTS, MATHEMATICIANS, ETC. DO NOT SCORE
  HIGHER ON INTELLIGENCE TESTS

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Creativity

• THERE IS CLEARLY MORE TO CREATIVITY THAN
  INTELLIGENCE SCORES
• STUDIES OF CREATIVE PEOPLE SUGGEST FIVE
  ADDITIONAL COMPONENTS

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Creativity continued

• 1.) EXPERTISE CREATIVE PEOPLE MUST POSSESS A
  WELL-DEVELOPED BASE OF KNOWLEDGE. THE MORE IDEAS
  AND IMAGES THAT WE HAVE BEEN EXPOSED TO, THE
  GREATER THE CHANCE THAT WE WILL HAVE TO ASSEMBLE
  A UNIQUE CONSTRUCT.
• 2.) IMAGINATIVE THINKING SKILLS CREATIVE PEOPLE
  POSSESS AN ABILITY TO SEE THINGS IN A NEW WAY,
  RECOGNIZE PATTERNS AND MAKE CONNECTIONS.

http//www.youtube.com/watch?v3DPKf7y1F-Q
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Creativity continued

• 3.) VENTURESOME PERSONALITY CREATIVE PEOPLE DO
  NOT SIMPLY FOLLOW THE PACK INVENTORS, FOR
  EXAMPLE, HAVE A KNACK FOR PERSISTING AFTER
  FAILURE.
• 4.) INTRINSIC MOTIVATION PEOPLE SEEM TO BE THE
  MOST CREATIVE WHEN THEY ARE MOTIVATED PRIMARILY
  BY THE INTEREST, ENJOYMENT, SATISFACTION AND THE
  CHALLENGE OF THE WORK ITSELF NOT EXTERNAL
  FORCES.
• http//www.youtube.com/watch?vgimcdV-8FzYsafety_
  modetruepersist_safety_mode1
• 5.) CREATIVE ENVIRONMENT CREATIVE PEOPLE OFTEN
  WORK IN ENVIRONMENTS THAT SUPPORT OR ENCOURAGE
  NEW IDEAS.
• http//www.youtube.com/watch?vziOG_GHNVq0

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Genetic and Environmental Determinants of
Intelligence Nature vs. Nurture

• ALMOST EVERYONE ACKNOWLEDGES THE FACT THAT
  INTELLIGENCE IS INFLUENCED BY BOTH GENETICS AND
  THE ENVIRONMENT BUT TO WHAT DEGREE?
• GENETIC DETERMINANTS
• TWIN STUDIES DO PEOPLE WHO SHARE THE SAME GENES
  ALSO SHARE COMPARABLE MENTAL ABILITIES?

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Continued

• AN ENVIRONMENTALIST WOULD SAY THAT IT IS DUE TO
  THE FACT THAT THEY WERE RAISED IN A SIMILAR
  FASHION
• IDENTICAL TWINS RAISED TOGETHER - .86 CORRELATION
  IN INTELLIGENCE SCORES
• IDENTICAL TWINS RAISED APART - .75 CORRELATION IN
  INTELLIGENCE SCORES
• http//www.youtube.com/watch?vREhKa3_oHL8

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BIAS IN INTELLIGENCE TESTING

• ARE INTELLIGENCE TESTS BIASED?
• CULTURAL DIFFERENCES IN INTELLIGENCE TESTING
• http//wilderdom.com/personality/intelligenceChitl
  ingTestShort.html
• MATH AND SCIENCE SCORES WHO SCORES HIGHER, ON
  AVERAGE?
• WHAT ROLE DO GENDER, AND RACE PLAY IN
  INTELLIGENCE SCORES?

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• SAT 1990 Males scored 45 points higher than
  females on math, and 10 points higher on verbal
• Japanese children scored higher than American
  children on such tests. During the 1980s,
  Asian-Americans made up only 3 of the American
  population, but won 25 of the Westinghouse
  Science Talent Search Awards
• African-Americans, on average, score about 15
  points lower than whites on intelligence tests

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Smartest TV Shows

• 1. MASH2. Cosmos3. CSI4. House5. The West
  Wing6. Boston Legal7. All in the Family8.
  Frasier9. Mad About You10. Jeopardy!