Confined Space Entry A Training Program for Entrants and Attendants

1
Confined Space EntryA Training Program for
Entrants and Attendants
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COURSE OBJECTIVES

• Establish Confined Spaces Role in Todays
  Industry.
• Discuss OSHAS requirements for Confined Spaces.
• Discuss Principle Hazards involved with CS Entry.
• Discuss Basic Skills in Hazard Recognition
  Control.
• Discuss Confined Space Assessment Techniques.
• Discuss Confined Space Fall Protection Systems.
• Discuss Hazards Associated with Fall Protection.
• Discuss Rescue and Retrieval Requirements.

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BASIS FOR THIS COURSE

• 1.6 Million Workers Enter Confined Spaces
  Annually.
• The Standard is Expected to Reduce Accidents by
  85.
• Untrained Rescuers Account for 60 of Annual
  Deaths.
• Most workers who survive lose time from their
  job.
• This training helps improve

• Safety
• Morale
• Productivity
• Employee well-being

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Three Sections

• The Law
• Hazards
• Controls

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The LawRegulatory Overview of 49 CFR 1910.146,
Permit Required Confined Space Standard
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49 CFR 1910.146

• Contains requirements for practices and
  procedures to protect employees in general
  industry from the hazards of entry into permit
  required confined spaces (PRCS).
• Does not apply to agriculture, construction, or
  shipyard employment.

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Definitions
8
Confined Space

• Is large enough and so configured that an
  employee can bodily enter and perform assigned
  work and
• Has limited or restricted means for entry or
  exit and
• Is not designed for continuous employee occupancy.

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Is the space large enough and so configured that
an employee can bodily enter and perform
assigned work?
No
Yes
Does the space have limited or restricted means
for entry or exit?
No
Yes
Is the space designed for continuous employee
occupancy?
Space is not Confined Regulation does not apply
Yes
No
Space is Confined Begin classification process
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Permit Required Confined Space

• Contains or has a potential to contain a
  hazardous atmosphere
• Contains a material that has the potential for
  engulfing an entrant
• Has an internal configuration such that an
  entrant could be trapped or asphyxiated by
  inwardly converging walls or by a floor which
  sloped and tapers to a smaller cross-section or
• Contains any other recognized serious safety or
  health hazard.

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Hazardous Atmosphere

• An atmosphere that may expose employees to the
  risk of death, incapacitation, impairment of
  ability to self-rescue, injury or acute illness
  from one or more of the following causes

12
Hazardous Atmosphere, cont.

• Flammable gas, vapor, or mist in excess of 10 of
  its lower flammable limit (LFL)
• Airborne combustible dust at a concentration that
  meets or exceeds its LFL
• Oxygen concentration below 19.5 or above 23.5

13
Hazardous Atmosphere, cont.

• Concentration of any substance published in
  Subpart G, Occupational Health and Environmental
  Control, or Subpart Z, Toxic and Hazardous
  Substances, in excess of its dose or PEL
• Any other atmospheric condition that is IDLH.

14
Immediately Dangerous to Life or Health (IDLH)

• Poses an immediate or delayed threat to life or
• Would cause irreversible adverse health effects
  or
• Would interfere within individuals ability to
  escape unaided from a permit space.

15
Engulfment

• The surrounding and effective capture of a
  person by a liquid or finely divided (flowable)
  solid substance that can be aspirated to cause
  death by filling or plugging the respiratory
  system, or that can exert enough force on the
  body to cause death by strangulation,
  constriction, or crushing.

16
Entry

• The action by which a person passes through an
  opening into a permit-required confined space,
  and includes ensuing work activities in that
  space
• Considered to have occurred as soon as any part
  of the entrants body breaks the plane of an
  opening into the space.

17
Entry Permit

• The written or printed document provided by the
  employer to allow and control entry into a permit
  space.

18
Prohibited Condition

• Any condition in a permit space that is not
  allowed by the permit during the period when
  entry is authorized.

19
Non-Permit Confined Space

• A confined space that does not contain or, with
  respect to atmospheric hazards, have the
  potential to contain any hazard capable of
  causing death or serious physical harm.

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General Requirements
21
General Requirements

• Employer decides if workplace contains a PRCS.
• If workplace contains permit spaces, employer
  must inform employees of their existence and
  location and that they are dangerous

22
General Requirements

• If employer decides employees will not enter
  permit spaces employer must positively ensure
  they do not.
• If employer decides employees will enter permit
  spaces, employer shall develop and implement a
  written entry program.

23
General Requirements

• Employer may use alternate entry procedures
  provided certain conditions and requirements are
  met.
• When there are changes in use or configuration of
  a non-permit confined space that might increase
  the hazards to entrants, employer shall, if
  necessary, reclassify as a permit space.

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General Requirements

• A permit space may be reclassified as a
  non-permit space
• If there are no actual or potential atmospheric
  hazards and if all hazards within the permit
  space are eliminated without entry.
• If entry is required to eliminate hazards, it
  shall be according to regulations.

25
Continued

• If hazards arise in reclassified permit space,
  employees shall exit.
• Employer shall certify in writing that all
  hazards in permit space have been eliminated and
  make this document available to each entrant.

26
General Requirements

• When a host employer arranges for contractor to
  perform permit space entry work, host employer
  shall
• Inform contractor of permit space entry program
• Apprise contractor of hazards, precautions and
  procedures implemented for protection
• Coordinate entry operations with contractor

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General Requirements

• Contractors shall inform the host employer of the
  permit program to be followed and coordinate
  multiple entry operations.

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Alternate Entry Procedures

• If alternate entry procedures are used
• No formal written program
• No permit system or permits
• No attendant or supervisor
• No rescue provisions
• Training is required

29
Alternate Entry Procedures Conditions

• Employer demonstrates that the only hazard posed
  by PRCS is actual or potential hazardous
  atmosphere.
• Employer demonstrates that continuous forced air
  ventilation alone is sufficient to maintain safe
  permit space.
• Employer develops monitoring and inspection data
  that supports the above demonstrations.

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Alternate Entry Procedures Requirements

• Any conditions making it unsafe to remove an
  entrance cover shall be eliminated before
  removing cover.
• When entrance covers are removed, opening shall
  be promptly and effectively guarded.

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Alternate Entry Procedures Requirements

• Before entry, internal atmosphere shall be tested
  with a calibrated direct-reading instrument, for
  the following
• Oxygen content
• Flammable gases and vapors
• Potential toxic air contaminants

32
Alternate Entry Procedures Requirements

• There may be no hazardous atmosphere within the
  space whenever any employee is inside the space.
• Continuous forced air ventilation shall be used
  as follows

33
continued

• Entry is not permitted until hazardous atmosphere
  is eliminated
• Ventilation shall be directed to immediate areas
  where employees are or will be present and
  continue until all employees have left the space
• Air supply shall be from a clean source and may
  not increase the hazards in the space.

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Alternate Entry Procedures Requirements

• Atmosphere within the space shall be periodically
  tested as necessary.
• If a hazardous atmosphere is detected during
  entry
• Each employee shall leave the space immediately
• The space shall be evaluated to determine cause
  and
• Measures are taken to protect employees before
  subsequent entries.

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Alternate Entry Procedures Requirements

• Employer shall certify in writing that space is
  safe for entry and that all of the above
  requirements have been met.
• Certification to be available to each employee
  before entry.

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Permit Program
37
Permit Program

• Prevent unauthorized entry.
• Identify and evaluate hazards before entry.
• Establish safe practices, such as isolation,
  purging inerting, ventilation, barricades,
  lockout/tagout, etc.

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Permit Program

• Provide and maintain equipment necessary for safe
  entry, including testing and monitoring,
  ventilation, communications, personal protection,
  lighting, barriers, ingress and egress, and
  rescue.
• Test permit space and document results.

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Permit Program

• Maintain acceptable conditions in permit space.
• Provide at least one attendant outside space.
• Identify duties of each employee and provide
  training.

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Permit Program
Cont.

• Implement proper procedures for rescue.
• Establish written system for preparation,
  issuance use and cancellation of permits.
• Coordinated entry operations during multiple
  employer entries.
• Review entire entry program at least annually.

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Permit System
42
Permit System

• The employer, through the permit system, shall
• Complete and document all steps necessary for
  entry
• Require initials or signature of person(s)
  completing the steps
• Post permit at entry portal
• Ensure permit is signed by entry supervisor.

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Permit System

• Duration of permit may not exceed time required
  to complete assigned task.
• Permit must be cancelled if a prohibited
  condition arises, or the work has been completed.
• Each cancelled entry permit must be retained for
  one year to facilitate program review.

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Entry Permit
45
Entry Permit

• Identifies
• Permit space(s) to be entered
• Purpose of entry
• Date and authorized duration for permit
• Authorized entrant(s)
• Attendant(s)
• Entry supervisor by printed name and signature

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Entry Permit

• Hazardous of the permit space
• Measures required to control hazards of the space
• Acceptable entry conditions
• Test results with signature or initials of
  tester(s)
• Rescue services, and the means to summon them

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Entry Permit

• Communication procedures and equipment
• All special equipment and procedures, including
  PPE and rescue equipment
• Any other information need to ensure safe entry
• Any additional permits needed (such as hot work)

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(No Transcript)
49
Employee Training
50
Employee Training

• Employer shall provide and certify completion of
  training so that all affected employees acquire
  the understanding, knowledge, and skill necessary
  for the safe performance of assigned duties

51
Employee Training
Cont.

• Before employee is assigned duties under the
  regulation
• Before there is a change in assigned duties
• Whenever employer has reason to believe either
  that there are deviations from permit space entry
  procedures or inadequacies in the employees
  knowledge or use of these procedures.

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Employee Duties
53
Duties of Authorized Entrants

• Employer shall ensure that all authorized
  entrants
• Know the hazards that may be faced during entry
  (mode, signs, symptoms, and consequences of
  exposure)
• Properly use all required equipment
• Communicate with attendant as necessary to enable
  attendant to monitor status and alert entrants of
  need to evacuate.

54
Duties of Authorized Entrants

• Alert attendant whenever any warning sign or
  symptom of exposure to a dangerous situation or a
  prohibited condition is detected.
• Exit from permit space as quickly as possible
  whenever
• Order to evacuate is given by attendant or entry
  supervisor

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• Entrant recognizes any warning sign or symptom of
  exposure to a dangerous situation
• Entrant detects a prohibited condition or
• Evacuation alarm is activated.

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Duties of Attendants

• Employer shall ensure that each attendant
• Knows that hazards that may be faced during
  entry
• Know the possible behavioral effects of hazards
• Continuously maintain accurate count of entrants

57
Duties of Attendants

• Remains outside permit space during entry
  operations until relieved by another attendant
• Communicates with entrants as necessary to
  monitor status and alert of need to evacuate
  space
• Monitors activities inside and outside space to
  determine if safe for entrants to remain in space
  and orders evacuation when necessary

58
Duties of Attendants

• Takes the following actions when unauthorized
  persons approach or enter a permit space while
  entry is underway
• Warns them to stay away
• Advised them to exit immediately if they have
  entered and
• Informs authorized entrants and entry supervisor
  if unauthorized persons enter space.

59
Duties of Attendants

• Summons rescue and emergency services when
  emergency exit from permit space is necessary
• Performs non-entry rescues per employers
  procedure and
• Performs no duties that might interfere with
  their primary duty to monitor and protect
  authorized entrants.

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Duties of Entry Supervisors

• Employer shall ensure that each supervisor
• Knows the hazards that may be faced during entry
• Verifies that acceptable conditions for entry
  exist
• Terminates entry when operations are completed or
  a prohibited condition arises

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Duties of Entry Supervisors

• Verifies that rescue services are available
• Removes unauthorized persons who enter or attempt
  to enter permit space during operations
• Determines, whenever possible and at appropriate
  intervals, that acceptable entry conditions are
  maintained.

62
Rescue Services
63
Rescue Services

• Employer may elect to use on site or off-site
  team.

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Rescue Services

• If an on-site team is selected
• Must be properly trained in entry procedures,
  rescue procedures and PPE requirements
• Permit space rescues must be practiced at least
  annually from similarly configured spaces
• Must be trained in basic first-aid and CPR, and
  have at least one member currently certified.

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CONFINED SPACE RESCUE

• THE RESCUE TEAM
• Must meet basic requirements
• - Good endurance
• - Possess enthusiasm
• - Must be a capable leader
• - Must have a positive attitude
• - Good physical fitness and health
• - Must be capable of following orders
• - Must have same training as entrants
• - Must regularly participate in practical
  exercises

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CONFINED SPACE RESCUE
Continued

• RESCUE TYPES
• Horizontal
• Vertical

HORIZONTAL RESCUES VERTICAL
RESCUES
67
CONFINED SPACE RESCUE
Continued

• RESCUE SYSTEMS
• Non-entry Rescue
• Entry Rescue

ENTRY RESCUES NON-ENTRY
RESCUES
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CONFINED SPACE RESCUE
Continued

• NON-ENTRY RESCUE
• Safest for rescuer.
• Requires extensive entrant training.
• Tripod (or equivalent most common).
• NFPA approved rope may be used (151 tensile
  strength).

• ENTRY RESCUE
• Used when obstacles prevent non-entry rescue.
• Requires extensive rescue team training.
• Various entry methods can be used.

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CONFINED SPACE RESCUE
Continued

• VICTIM CARE (No apparent injuries)
• Assess physical condition.
• Look for signs of shock.
• Keep head stable and airways open.
• Dont Injure the victim during extrication.
• Wristlets may be used if no trauma is created.

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CONFINED SPACE RESCUE
Continued

• VICTIM CARE (Injuries)
• Assess physical condition.
• Look for signs of shock.
• Keep head stable and airways open.
• Immobilize the spine.
• Plastic Skeds are very useful.
• Never move or care for an injured victim unless
  you
• have been trained to administer first aid.
• If the situation is life or death use your
  best
• judgment.

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Rescue Services

• If an off-site team is selected
• Inform rescue services of hazards they may
  confront
• Provide rescue service with access to all permit
  spaces so they can develop appropriate rescue
  plans and practice rescue operations.

72
Rescue Services

• Host employer is required to ensure that
  arranged-for rescue services can effectively
  respond in a timely manner to a rescue summons
  and Evaluate their efficiency.

73
Rescue Services

• If injured entrant is exposed to a substance with
  a required MSDS or similar document, it shall be
  made available to medical facility treating
  entrant.

74
Non-Entry Rescue

• Retrieval systems or method shall be used
  whenever entry is made, unless the retrieval
  equipment could increase overall risk of entry or
  would not be of value.

75
Non-Entry Rescue

• Each entrant shall use a chest or full body
  harness, with retrieval line attached at the
  center of their back near shoulder level, or
  above their head.

76
Non-Entry Rescue

• Wristlets may be used in lieu of the chest or
  full body harness is employer can show use of
  chest or body harness is infeasible or creates a
  greater hazard and that use of wristlets is
  safest and most effective alternative.

77
Non-Entry Rescue

• Other end of retrieval line shall be attached to
  a mechanical device or fixed point outside permit
  space for immediate use.
• Mechanical devices shall be used to retrieve
  personnel from vertical type permit spaces more
  than 5 feet deep.

78
Permit Required Confined Spaces

• Movie Death Trap - Permit Required Confined
  Spaces

79
Controls
80
Atmospheric Monitoring General Testing Protocol
81
ATMOSPHERIC TESTING

• OSHAS RECOMMENDATIONS
• Remember
• Follow your permit instructions
• Instruments should be adequately sensitive
• Instruments should be calibrated and documented
• Users should be technically qualified
• Testing must be done prior to each entry

ASPHYXIATION IS THE LEADING CAUSE OF DEATH
IN CONFINED SPACES
82
ATMOSPHERIC TESTING
Continued

• INSTRUMENT FUNCTION TESTS
• Do not replace calibration
• Blow into 02 sensors to test 02 deficiency
• A solvent marker will test for combustibles
• Using a butane lighter is not recommended
• Function tests must be done prior to each entry

ASPHYXIATION IS THE LEADING CAUSE OF DEATH
IN CONFINED SPACES
83
ATMOSPHERIC TESTING
Continued
PERMISSIBLE EXPOSURE LIMIT (OSHA)

• PERMISSIBLE EXPOSURE LIMITS (PELs)
• FOUND IN 29 CFR 1910.1000 (THE Z TABLES)
• ESTABLISHES OSHAs EXPOSURE LEVELS
• LEGALLY ENFORCEABLE

RECOMMENDED EXPOSURE LIMITS (NIOSH)

• RECOMMENDED EXPOSURE LIMITS (RELs)
• USED TO DEVELOP NEW OSHA STANDARDS
• FOUND IN NIOSH RECOMMENDATIONS FOR
  OCCUPATIONAL
• HEALTH STANDARDS

84
ATMOSPHERIC TESTING
Continued
APPROXIMATE VALUES
85
ATMOSPHERIC TESTING
Continued
IMMEDIATELY DANGEROUS TO LIFE HEALTH
An IDLH level represents a maximum concentration
from which one could escape within 30 minutes
without experiencing any irreversible adverse
health effects. In practice, when the
concentration of a toxic substance in a given
area is known, IDLH levels may be used for
determining whether self-contained breathing
apparatus is needed when entering the area. If
the concentration exceeds the IDLH level,
positive- demand, self-contained breathing
apparatus should be used.
86
ATMOSPHERIC TESTING
Continued
HAZARD LIMIT CARBON MONOXIDE (CO)
(PPM) 35 PPM HYDROGEN SULFIDE (H2S) (PPM) 10
PPM OXYGEN (O2) 19.5 - 23.5 LOWER
EXPLOSIVE LIMIT (LEL) 10 gt
ASPHYXIATION IS THE LEADING CAUSE OF DEATH IN
CONFINED SPACES
87
ATMOSPHERIC TESTING
Continued
TMX412 MULTI-GAS MONITOR
HAZARDS DETECTED OXYGEN (O2) CARBON
MONOXIDE (CO) HYDROGEN SULFIDE (H2S) LOWER
EXPLOSIVE LIMIT (LEL)
TYPICAL GAS MONITOR
88
ATMOSPHERIC TESTING
Continued
UPPER FLAMMABLE LIMIT (UFL)
The richer point at which a mixture of
flammable vapor and air will no longer support
combustion
LOWER FLAMMABLE LIMIT (LFL)
The leaner point at which a mixture of
flammable vapor and air will no longer support
combustion
COMBINED, THE ABOVE EQUAL THE FLAMMABLE RANGE
89
ATMOSPHERIC TESTING
Continued
PERCENTAGE OF ATMOSPHERE
ACETONE
FLAMMABLE RANGE OF ACETONE 2.5 - 13
FLAMMABLE LIMITS
90
ATMOSPHERIC TESTING
Continued
TOXICS
CARBON MONOXIDE - TLV 35 PPM (ACGIH)
- PEL 50 PPM (OSHA)
- IDLH
1200 PPM
HYDROGEN SULFIDE - TLV 10 PPM (ACGIH)
- PEL 10 PPM
(OSHA) -
IDLH 100 PPM
91
ATMOSPHERIC TESTING
Continued
CONSIDERATIONS - BATTERY CHECK -
CALIBRATION - OXIDIZERS - ACIDS - DATA
INTERPRETATION
92
ATMOSPHERIC TESTING
Continued
ACCESSORIES - BATTERY - PUMP -
SAMPLING TUBE - SAMPLING TUBE FILTER
93
ATMOSPHERIC TESTING
Continued
94
ATMOSPHERIC TESTING
Continued
95
ATMOSPHERIC TESTING
Continued

• SAMPLING STRATEGIES
• Evaluation Testing - Evaluation of hazards
• present
  in the permit space.
• Verification Testing - Verification that
  acceptable
• entry
  conditions for entry
• into
  that space exist.

96
ATMOSPHERIC TESTING
Continued

• SAMPLING STRATEGIES
• Duration of Testing - Measurement of values for
• each
  atmospheric parameter
• should
  be made for at least
• the
  minimum response time
• of the
  instrument specified
• by the
  manufacturer.

97
ATMOSPHERIC TESTING
Continued
STRATIFIED ATMOSPHERES
lt1
Vapor Density Air 1 lt1 Lighter than Air gt1
Heavier than Air
AIR1
gt1
98
ATMOSPHERIC TESTING
Continued
STRATIFIED ATMOSPHERES

• Sample every 3 to 4 ft
• Dont trust your senses
• Dont get rushed
• Know the meter response time
• Keep the sampling tube out of
• the product
• Periodically retest
• Raise tube only as fast as the
• meter response time

TOP MIDDLE BOTTOM
99
ATMOSPHERIC TESTING
Continued

• Retest after you enter
• Retest in your breathing zone
• Try and find the bad air!
• Dont degrade your own air!
• Think! Think! Think!

PERIODIC RETESTING
100
ATMOSPHERIC TESTING
Continued

• Know your emergency response procedures!
• Immediately notify entrants of unsafe
  conditions!
• If there is any doubt - EVACUATE THE SPACE!
• Know the time it takes to evacuate!
• Dont try to remedy before ordering evacuation!
  
• EVACUATE THEN CONTROL THE HAZARD!

UNACCEPTABLE TEST RESULTS
101
ATMOSPHERIC TESTING
Continued
CONSULT THE OWNERS MANUAL FOR SPECIFICS REGARDING
THE INSTRUMENT YOU ARE USING DO NOT ASSUME
ANYTHING!
102
Atmospheric Monitoring

• Movie Confined Space Atmospheric Testing

103
Ventilation
104
Ventilation

• Control Atmospheric Contaminants
• Prevent Fire and Explosion Hazards
• Control Heat and Humidity

105
Ventilation

• Natural Ventilation
• Mechanical Ventilation

106
Natural Ventilation

• Employs wind and thermal convection to dilute
  atmospheric hazards
• Dependant on configuration of confined space and
  predictability of wind currents
• Unreliable as a primary control method
• When natural ventilation is insufficient,
  mechanical ventilation is necessary

107
Mechanical Ventilation

• General Ventilation
• Local Exhaust Ventilation
• Method is dependant on the type and origin of the
  hazard

108
General Ventilation

• Utilizes mechanical means to supply
  uncontaminated air to a permit space
• Places the permit space in a positive pressure
  atmospheric condition
• Seldom effective in controlling fume and dust
  generating processes

109
CONFINED SPACE VENTILATION
Continued

• GENERAL VENTILATION
• Exhaust Ventilation

OUTSIDE
SPACE
110
CONFINED SPACE VENTILATION
Continued

• GENERAL VENTILATION
• Supply Ventilation

SPACE
OUTSIDE
111
Localized Exhaust Ventilation

• Captures contaminants at their point of
  generation
• Contaminated air is discharged outside the
  confined space
• Effective for welding, cutting, burning and
  brazing operations
• Should maintain an exhaust airflow velocity of at
  least 100 linear feet per minute in the capture
  zone

112
Efficient Ventilation

• Depends on many factors
• fan or blower capacity
• configuration and size of space
• number and size of openings
• airborne contaminant, its properties, and point
  of generation
• position of blower and length of ductwork

113
Ventilation Problems

• Recirculation
• Short-circuiting

114
Recirculation
115
CONFINED SPACE VENTILATION
Continued
BETTER PLACEMENT
116
Short Circuiting
117
Ventilation Techniques

• Movie Confined Space Ventilation

118
Cleaning and Purging
119
Cleaning and Purging

• Residues of hazardous chemicals must be cleaned
• Pre-entry cleaning and purging are necessary to
  decrease chance of atmospheric hazards

120
Cleaning and Purging

• Ensure that material feed lines are completely
  and effectively isolated
• Drain or pump out contents - remove as much as
  possible
• Test for hazardous atmosphere
• If atmospheric hazards are present, the space
  must be purged and ventilated

121
Cleaning and Purging

• The purging agent used will depend on the
  following
• The product in the space and any possible
  reaction with the purging agent
• The work to be performed in the space
• The suspected hazards

122
Cleaning and Purging

• It may be necessary to purge with inerting gas,
  i.e.. CO2, N, Ar, etc.
• May be possible to utilize natural ventilation
• Water may be used to remove flammable and toxic
  residues
• Beware of of using steam on flammables with low
  vapor pressure

123
Cleaning and Purging

• When solvents are needed, make sure they are
  compatible
• After cleaning and purging, test the atmosphere
• If hazardous atmosphere exists, clean and purge
  again
• Continue to ventilate and frequently test the
  atmosphere
• Attempt to clean as much as possible from the
  outside

124
Lockout/Tagout
125
Lockout/Tagout Program

• OSHA requires lockout/tagout program
• Identify and implement specific procedures in
  writing
• Use locks where equipment can be locked out
• Ensure new equipment can accommodate locks

126
Lockout/Tagout Program

• Institute procedures for release of
  lockout/tagout
• Obtain standardized locks and tags
• Require that lockout/tagout device is removed by
  employee that applied it
• Train employees in specific energy control
  procedures

127
Lockout/Tagout

• Energy within confined space poses significant
  hazards
• Equipment must be deenergized and locked out/
  tagged out
• OSHA requires energy sources to be locked out
• If energy source cannot be locked out, it must be
  tagged out

128
Lockout/Tagout

• OSHA differentiates between employees who are
  authorized to perform lockout/tagout
• Affected employees
• Authorized employees

129
Lockout/Tagout Procedures

• Step One - Preparation for Shutdown
• Assure that affected employees are informed
• Identify all isolation points
• Determine if stored energy is present
• Select appropriate PPE
• Determine what tools and equipment is needed
• Obtain locks and hardware

130
Lockout/Tagout Procedures

• Step Two - Equipment Shutdown
• Initial stopping of the flow of energy
• May be simple or complex

131
Lockout/Tagout Procedures

• Step Three - Equipment Isolation
• Once equipment has been shut down, it must be
  isolated
• Can be achieved by opening a disconnect switch,
  breaking a line, etc.

132
Lockout/Tagout Procedures

• Step Four - Apply Control
• Attach locks and or tags to energy isolation
  devices

133
Lockout/Tagout Procedures

• Step Five - Dissipate Stored Energy
• Kinetic
• Electrical
• Potential

134
Lockout/Tagout Procedures

• Step Six - Verify Effectiveness
• Before work begins, test operating controls

135
Isolation
136
Isolation

• Prior to allowing personnel to enter space
  sources of energy present must be evaluated
• The space must be isolated by disconnecting,
  releasing, or restraining all energy sources

137
Isolation Procedures

• Blanking and blinding
• Double-block and bleed
• Line breaking or misalignment

138
Blanking and Blinding

• Absolute closure of a pipe
• Fastening of a solid plate that covers bore hole
• Plate should be made of same materials as the
  line
• Must be able to withstand maximum pressure
  exerted by the line

139
Blanking and Blinding

• Involves installing a blank between flanges with
  leak-proof gasket
• Should be marked to identify purpose

140
Double Block and Bleed

• Three point system to prevent leakage into the
  confined space
• Two closed valves and an open drain or vent valve
  located between
• Lockout or tagout of valves adds additional
  protection

141
Line Breaking

• Intentional and physical disconnection of a pipe,
  line, or duct
• Added protection id obtained by misaligning or
  removing a section
• Any disconnected line should be monitored for
  hazardous atmosphere to determine if leaking

142
Control of Combustible orExplosive Dust
143
Control of Combustible or Explosive Dust

• Interior surfaces must be kept clean as possible
• Sources of ignition must be removed from the
  space
• Static electricity must be prevented
• Ventilation is necessary

144
Personal Protective Equipment
145
Personal Protective Equipment

• Permit Spaces pose many types of hazards to
  entrants
• Various types of equipment may be necessary to
  protect entrants
• Proper planning and evaluation is necessary

146
Head Protection

• Head injuries are caused by falling or flying
  objects, or bumping the head against fixed
  objects
• Head protection must do two things
• Resist penetration
• Absorb the shock of a blow

147
Head Protection

• Three classes of head protection
• Class A - general service, limited voltage
  protection
• Class B - utility service, high voltage
  protection
• Class C - special service, no voltage protection

148
Eye and Face Protection

• Eye and face protection must be suitable for work
  to be performed
• Protection must meet the following minimum
  requirements
• Provide adequate protection for particular
  hazards they are designed for

149
Eye and Face Protection

• Be reasonably comfortable
• Fit snugly without interfering with movement or
  vision
• Be durable
• Be capable of being disinfected
• Be easily cleaned
• Be clean and in good repair

150
Eye and Face Protection

• If employees are at risk of contact with
  corrosive chemicals, an eyewash with at least
  fifteen minutes flushing capacity is required
• Must be in accordance with ANSI Z87.1-1989

151
Hearing Protection

• Exposure to high noise levels can cause hearing
  loss
• Can also create physical and psychological stress
• Extent of damage depends on intensity and duration

152
Hearing Protection

• Short term exposure can cause temporary loss
• Gradual and prolonged exposure can cause
  permanent loss
• There is no cure for permanent noise induced
  hearing loss
• Prevention is the key

153
Hearing Protection

• Employees exposed to levels exceeding 85 decibels
• OSHA requires them to be included in hearing
  conservation program
• Employees must be trained in correct use,
  maintenance, and limitations of protection used.

154
Torso Protection

• Many chemical and physical hazards
• Pre-entry evaluation must include determination
  of proper protective clothing
• Includes clothing for particulate and chemical
  protection, chemical splash suits, insulated
  workwear, flame resistant clothing, etc.

155
Arm and Hand Protection

• Wide variety of hazards to the arms and hands of
  employees
• Gloves, hand pads, sleeves and wristlets should
  be considered

156
Foot and Leg Protection

• Protection for feet and legs from falling or
  rolling objects, sharp objects, molten metal, hot
  surfaces, wet and slippery surfaces is required.

157
Respiratory Protection

• OSHA standards require employers to establish
  respiratory protection program when respirators
  are necessary
• OSHA 29 CFR 1910.134

158
Respiratory Protection

• Respiratory protection devices fall into three
  classes
• Air-purifying
• Atmosphere or air supplying
• Combination air-purifying and air-supplying

159
Air-Purifying Devices

• Clean contaminated atmosphere
• Chemicals can remove gases and vapors
• Filters can remove particulate matter
• Devices are limited

160
Air-Purifying Devices

• Contaminant level must be within specified
  concentration limitations of the device
• Do not protect from oxygen deficient atmospheres

161
Air-Purifying Devices

• Various types include
• Mechanical-filter respirators
• Chemical-cartridge respirators
• Combination respirators
• Gas masks
• Powered air-purifying respirators

162
Air-Supplying Devices

• Provide respirable atmosphere to wearer
• Air supply is independent of ambient air
• Fall into three groups
• Supplied-air respirators (SAR)
• Self contained breathing apparatus (SCBA)
• Combination SCBA and SAR

163
Supplied-Air Respirators

• Deliver breathing air through a supply hose
• Air supply must be free of contaminants and from
  clean source
• Three classes of airline respirators
• Continuous flow
• Demand flow
• Pressure-demand flow

164
SCBA

• Wearer is completely independent of the
  surrounding atmosphere
• Provides complete respiratory protection against
  toxic gases and oxygen deficiency
• Two basic types
• Closed-circuit
• Open-circuit

165
Combination SCBA and SAR

• Airline respirators with auxiliary self contained
  air supply
• Provides back-up supply in the event the main
  supply fails

166
Combination Air-Purifying and Air-Supplying
Devices

• Provides protection in the event the air supply
  fails
• Recommended for asbestos work

167
Precautionary Equipment
168
Precautionary Equipment

• Once an entrance cover is removed, it must be
  protected
• Railings, temporary covers, fences, or barriers
• Protect employees from falling into confined space

169
Communication Systems
170
Communication Systems

• Attendants must monitor the activities of
  authorized entrants
• Reliable method must be in place

171
Communication Systems

• Types of communications include
• Battery operated voice activated
• Continuous electronic monitoring equipment
• Hand operated communications
• Continuous voice contact
• Visual observation

172
Retrieval Equipment
173
Retrieval Equipment

• The standard requires employers to provide,
  maintain and ensure the use of protective
  equipment

174
Retrieval Equipment

• Proper retrieval equipment generally includes
• Chest or full-body harness
• Life-line
• Mechanical winches
• Tripods
• Wristlets

175
Retrieval Equipment

• The appropriate retrieval equipment will depend
  on the following considerations
• Size and configuration of the space
• The size and location of the opening
• Any obstacles within the space
• Whether or not rescue would be horizontal or
  verticle
• The potential hazards within the space

176
Heat Stress
177
Heat Stress

• Confined space operations may present potential
  heat stress problems
• Factors that contribute include
• high temperatures
• radiant heat sources
• high humidity
• direct physical contact with hot objects
• strenuous physical activity

178
Heat Stress

• Personal characteristics that predispose an
  individual to heat stress
• Age
• Weight
• Degree of physical fitness
• Metabolism
• Use of alcohol and drugs
• Various existing medical conditions

179
Heat Stress

• Heat disorders include
• Heat cramps
• Heat exhaustion
• Heat stroke

180
Heat Stress

• Most heat related problems can be prevented
• The following basic precautions can reduce heat
  stress problems
• Acclimatization
• Engineering controls
• Work practices
• Work and rest
• Employee education

181
Hot Work
182
Hot Work

• Hot work includes operations which provide a
  source of ignition
• Welding and cutting
• Burning
• Riveting
• Grinding and spark/arc producing tools
• Static discharges
• non-explosion proof lighting

183
Hot Work

• These operations pose unique hazards within
  confined spaces
• Fire and explosion hazards in the presence of
  flammables
• The generation of toxic atmospheres
• The generation of physical hazards, such as
  noise, vibration, heat stress, etc.

184
Hot Work

• A combination of engineering controls, work
  practice controls and personal protective
  equipment are required to reduce the hazards
  associated with hot work

185
Hot Work

• The control of hot work hazards must be
  coordinated by using a hot work program which
  includes
• A written hot work permit
• Evaluation of the existing hazards
• Evaluation of potential hazards created from hot
  work operations

186
Hot Work

• General precautions to keep in mind include
• Use of localized exhaust ventilation
• Selection of appropriate tools
• Use of necessary protective equipment
• Surface coating and residues must be evaluated to
  avoid creating hazards

187
Hot Work

• Pipes, tubes, coils must be purged, flushed, or
  cleaned
• Hot work in non-permit space will change the
  status of that space